[
  {
    "id": "wake-da",
    "pattern": "〜わけだ",
    "romaji": "wake da",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "no wonder; that's why; it follows that",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj + な / Noun + という + わけだ",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "三年も中国に住んでいたんですか。だから中国語が上手なわけですね。",
        "furigana": "{三|さん}{年|ねん}も{中国|ちゅうごく}に{住|す}んでいたんですか。だから{中国|ちゅうごく}{語|ご}が{上手|じょうず}なわけですね。",
        "en": "You lived in China for three years? That's why your Chinese is so good."
      },
      {
        "ja": "窓が全部開いている。どうりで寒いわけだ。",
        "furigana": "{窓|まど}が{全部|ぜんぶ}{開|あ}いている。どうりで{寒|さむ}いわけだ。",
        "en": "All the windows are open. No wonder it's cold."
      },
      {
        "ja": "この本は三百ページだから、一日に二十ページ読めば、十五日で読み終わるわけだ。",
        "furigana": "この{本|ほん}は{三百|さんびゃく}ページだから、{一|いち}{日|にち}に{二|に}{十|じゅう}ページ{読|よ}めば、{十|じゅう}{五|ご}{日|にち}で{読|よ}み{終|お}わるわけだ。",
        "en": "This book has 300 pages, so if I read twenty pages a day, that means I'll finish it in fifteen days."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "reason",
      "result"
    ],
    "notes": "States a conclusion that follows naturally from known facts, often with a feeling of 'now I understand'. Often preceded by だから, それで or どうりで.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "2b13b098f101dc091cf70c887b46c71f82d42a98eedab23797fa559e3f5a702d",
      "meanings": [
        "难怪",
        "原来如此",
        "也就是说"
      ],
      "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干＋な／名词＋という＋わけだ",
      "explanation": "根据已知事实得出自然的结论，也可表示弄明白了原因。",
      "notes": "常与だから、どうりで等呼应。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "三年も中国に住んでいたんですか。だから中国語が上手なわけですね。",
          "zh": "你在中国住过三年啊，难怪中文这么好。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "窓が全部開いている。どうりで寒いわけだ。",
          "zh": "窗户全开着，难怪这么冷。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "この本は三百ページだから、一日に二十ページ読めば、十五日で読み終わるわけだ。",
          "zh": "这本书有三百页，每天读二十页的话，也就是说十五天能读完。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#wake-da",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "8db2e8e42402c3b86983dbf66ffab1ca438600fb373055f5939a4466e01151fb"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "wake-de-wa-nai",
    "pattern": "〜わけではない",
    "romaji": "wake de wa nai",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "it doesn't mean that; it's not that; not necessarily",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj + な / Noun + という + わけではない",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "料理が嫌いなわけではないが、毎日作る時間がない。",
        "furigana": "{料理|りょうり}が{嫌|きら}いなわけではないが、{毎日|まいにち}{作|つく}る{時間|じかん}がない。",
        "en": "It's not that I dislike cooking, but I don't have time to cook every day."
      },
      {
        "ja": "値段が高ければおいしいというわけではない。",
        "furigana": "{値段|ねだん}が{高|たか}ければおいしいというわけではない。",
        "en": "Just because something is expensive doesn't mean it tastes good."
      },
      {
        "ja": "全然分からないわけではありませんが、もう少しゆっくり話していただけますか。",
        "furigana": "{全然|ぜんぜん}{分|わ}からないわけではありませんが、もう{少|すこ}しゆっくり{話|はな}していただけますか。",
        "en": "It's not that I don't understand at all, but could you speak a little more slowly?"
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "negation",
      "concession"
    ],
    "notes": "A partial or soft denial of what the listener might assume. Often with いつも, 全部 or 必ずしも. Not the same as 〜わけがない, which flatly rules something out.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "92268ca4974f44fd077c1d0ec296b4989439d4c4aa3ed16746245c88dd3e9747",
      "meanings": [
        "并不是说",
        "未必"
      ],
      "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干＋な／名词＋という＋わけではない",
      "explanation": "否定对方可能产生的理解，常表示部分否定或委婉否定。",
      "notes": "与表示强烈不可能的わけがない不同。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "料理が嫌いなわけではないが、毎日作る時間がない。",
          "zh": "并不是讨厌做饭，而是没有时间每天做。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "値段が高ければおいしいというわけではない。",
          "zh": "贵的东西未必好吃。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "全然分からないわけではありませんが、もう少しゆっくり話していただけますか。",
          "zh": "不是完全听不懂，能请您再说慢一点吗？"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#wake-de-wa-nai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "cda96557ca718e5abb09cf4ccfb6d94b58f049d7e98a0e0e7b94b9ee2a7c7d51"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "wake-ga-nai",
    "pattern": "〜わけがない",
    "romaji": "wake ga nai",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "there's no way that; cannot possibly",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj + な / Noun + の + わけがない",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "こんなに練習したんだから、負けるわけがない。",
        "furigana": "こんなに{練習|れんしゅう}したんだから、{負|ま}けるわけがない。",
        "en": "We've practiced this hard, so there's no way we'll lose."
      },
      {
        "ja": "あんなにまじめな人が、約束を忘れるわけがありません。",
        "furigana": "あんなにまじめな{人|ひと}が、{約束|やくそく}を{忘|わす}れるわけがありません。",
        "en": "There's no way someone that conscientious would forget a promise."
      },
      {
        "ja": "一日で漢字を百個覚えるなんて、できるわけがないよ。",
        "furigana": "{一|いち}{日|にち}で{漢字|かんじ}を{百|ひゃく}{個|こ}{覚|おぼ}えるなんて、できるわけがないよ。",
        "en": "Learn a hundred kanji in one day? There's no way you can do that."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "negation",
      "conjecture",
      "emphasis"
    ],
    "notes": "The speaker's strong conviction that something is impossible. Casual: 〜わけない. Close to 〜はずがない, but sounds more emotional and less based on reasoning.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "1c80c347056f4ae95cbe6f9d4f8553bb866364750d60f1c2a255f53bf9eefd4d",
      "meanings": [
        "不可能",
        "绝不会"
      ],
      "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干＋な／名词＋の＋わけがない",
      "explanation": "表示说话人坚信某事不可能发生或不成立。",
      "notes": "口语也说わけない；语气往往较强。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "こんなに練習したんだから、負けるわけがない。",
          "zh": "练习了这么多，不可能输。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "あんなにまじめな人が、約束を忘れるわけがありません。",
          "zh": "那么认真的人不可能忘记约定。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "一日で漢字を百個覚えるなんて、できるわけがないよ。",
          "zh": "一天记住一百个汉字？那不可能做到啊。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#wake-ga-nai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "fe63dfca90075053f8b296496d0ee5115b062cffa3b9a89120debb62e54e028e"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "wake-ni-wa-ikanai",
    "pattern": "〜わけにはいかない",
    "romaji": "wake ni wa ikanai",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "can't afford to; can't very well; must not (for social or moral reasons)",
    "formation": "Verb-dict / Verb-nai + わけにはいかない",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "明日は大事な会議があるから、休むわけにはいかない。",
        "furigana": "{明日|あした}は{大事|だいじ}な{会議|かいぎ}があるから、{休|やす}むわけにはいかない。",
        "en": "There's an important meeting tomorrow, so I can't afford to take the day off."
      },
      {
        "ja": "友達に頼まれたことだから、断るわけにはいかなかった。",
        "furigana": "{友達|ともだち}に{頼|たの}まれたことだから、{断|ことわ}るわけにはいかなかった。",
        "en": "It was a favor my friend had asked, so I couldn't very well say no."
      },
      {
        "ja": "招待されたのだから、パーティーに行かないわけにはいかない。",
        "furigana": "{招待|しょうたい}されたのだから、パーティーに{行|い}かないわけにはいかない。",
        "en": "I was invited, so I can't not go to the party."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "prohibition",
      "obligation"
    ],
    "notes": "The action is physically possible but ruled out by duty, circumstances or common sense. 〜ないわけにはいかない means 'have to; can't avoid doing'.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "9c1d265d29c9458810ca0bf59581df890ba2929ec7128b8c98964cff9bbd3437",
      "meanings": [
        "不能",
        "不能不"
      ],
      "formation": "动词辞书形／ない形＋わけにはいかない",
      "explanation": "受责任、情理或处境限制，不能做某事；接ない形时表示不得不做。",
      "notes": "并非表示身体上无法做到。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "明日は大事な会議があるから、休むわけにはいかない。",
          "zh": "明天有重要会议，所以不能休息。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "友達に頼まれたことだから、断るわけにはいかなかった。",
          "zh": "这是朋友拜托的事，所以我不好拒绝。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "招待されたのだから、パーティーに行かないわけにはいかない。",
          "zh": "既然受了邀请，就不能不去聚会。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#wake-ni-wa-ikanai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "1694f8cab1f6c2f7c532930609b9f46016e2534f26ae8531c6e232f18e81dac2"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "mono-da",
    "pattern": "〜ものだ",
    "romaji": "mono da",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "it's natural that; one should; used to (nostalgia); how ...! (deep feeling)",
    "formation": "Verb-dict / Verb-ta / i-Adj / na-Adj + な + ものだ",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "子どものころは、この川でよく泳いだものだ。",
        "furigana": "{子|こ}どものころは、この{川|かわ}でよく{泳|およ}いだものだ。",
        "en": "When I was a child, I used to swim in this river a lot."
      },
      {
        "ja": "新しい環境に慣れるには、時間がかかるものだ。",
        "furigana": "{新|あたら}しい{環境|かんきょう}に{慣|な}れるには、{時間|じかん}がかかるものだ。",
        "en": "It naturally takes time to get used to a new environment."
      },
      {
        "ja": "目上の人には敬語を使うものだ。",
        "furigana": "{目上|めうえ}の{人|ひと}には{敬語|けいご}を{使|つか}うものだ。",
        "en": "You're supposed to use honorific language with your superiors."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "recollection",
      "advice",
      "tendency"
    ],
    "notes": "Main uses: general truth or natural tendency, a social norm (should), a nostalgic past habit with 〜たものだ, and deep feeling (時間がたつのは早いものだ). Casual: 〜もんだ.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "caaf3bef434d9931bc18d67bcaa85db8a684c66f000888f6580a5118aa7b1e05",
      "meanings": [
        "本来就是",
        "应该",
        "过去常常",
        "真是"
      ],
      "formation": "动词辞书形／た形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干＋な＋ものだ",
      "explanation": "表示一般规律、社会常识，也可用たものだ回忆过去习惯，或表达感慨。",
      "notes": "口语可说もんだ；含义需结合上下文。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "子どものころは、この川でよく泳いだものだ。",
          "zh": "小时候，我经常在这条河里游泳。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "新しい環境に慣れるには、時間がかかるものだ。",
          "zh": "适应新环境自然需要时间。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "目上の人には敬語を使うものだ。",
          "zh": "对长辈或上级应该使用敬语。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#mono-da",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "6f211253261319deb0e6c644bb2da961308446ff6e37a0641ff2e873ccba3530"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "mono-de-wa-nai",
    "pattern": "〜ものではない",
    "romaji": "mono de wa nai",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "one shouldn't; it's not right to",
    "formation": "Verb-dict + ものではない",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "人の失敗を笑うものではない。",
        "furigana": "{人|ひと}の{失敗|しっぱい}を{笑|わら}うものではない。",
        "en": "You shouldn't laugh at other people's mistakes."
      },
      {
        "ja": "出された食べ物を残すものじゃないよ。",
        "furigana": "{出|だ}された{食|た}べ{物|もの}を{残|のこ}すものじゃないよ。",
        "en": "You shouldn't leave food that's been served to you."
      },
      {
        "ja": "夜遅くに人の家に電話をかけるものではありません。",
        "furigana": "{夜|よる}{遅|おそ}くに{人|ひと}の{家|いえ}に{電話|でんわ}をかけるものではありません。",
        "en": "One shouldn't phone someone's home late at night."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "advice",
      "prohibition"
    ],
    "notes": "Advice based on common sense or social norms, often from an older person. Casual: 〜もんじゃない. Sounds more like general wisdom than 〜べきではない.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "304fcce31e42ae32e5149bdafdceb8ca9bf3531fd38f3dfd1b19658fd07531e9",
      "meanings": [
        "不应该",
        "不该"
      ],
      "formation": "动词辞书形＋ものではない",
      "explanation": "依据常识或社会规范劝告别人不应做某事。",
      "notes": "口语可说ものじゃない或もんじゃない。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "人の失敗を笑うものではない。",
          "zh": "不应该嘲笑别人的失败。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "出された食べ物を残すものじゃないよ。",
          "zh": "端上来的食物不该剩下哦。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "夜遅くに人の家に電話をかけるものではありません。",
          "zh": "不应该深夜打电话到别人家。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#mono-de-wa-nai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "a42af1ebfb980b84c7a5d563ab6bca8d9543c2db143ba06e487b28f8b4f3fa06"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "mono-mon",
    "pattern": "〜もの / 〜もん",
    "romaji": "mono / mon",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "because (casual excuse or self-justification)",
    "formation": "Sentence + もの / もん",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "「どうして食べないの？」「だって、ピーマン嫌いなんだもん。」",
        "furigana": "「どうして{食|た}べないの？」「だって、ピーマン{嫌|きら}いなんだもん。」",
        "en": "'Why aren't you eating?' 'Because I hate green peppers!'"
      },
      {
        "ja": "一人で行けるよ。もう子どもじゃないもん。",
        "furigana": "{一人|ひとり}で{行|い}けるよ。もう{子|こ}どもじゃないもん。",
        "en": "I can go by myself. I'm not a kid anymore!"
      },
      {
        "ja": "ケーキ、全部食べちゃった。だって、すごくおいしかったんだもん。",
        "furigana": "ケーキ、{全部|ぜんぶ}{食|た}べちゃった。だって、すごくおいしかったんだもん。",
        "en": "I ate the whole cake. Well, it was just so good!"
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "reason",
      "casual"
    ],
    "notes": "Sounds pouty or self-justifying; often begins with だって. もん is more colloquial. Used by children and among close friends; avoid at work.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "f4c9bfcab0f3cc07d8a27aeed4c38f1553b47a9b433f925c59c008e311ab08f3",
      "meanings": [
        "因为嘛",
        "就是因为"
      ],
      "formation": "句子普通形＋もの／もん",
      "explanation": "在句末解释理由或为自己辩解，带有随意、撒娇的语气。",
      "notes": "常与だって搭配；もん更口语，正式场合应避免。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "「どうして食べないの？」「だって、ピーマン嫌いなんだもん。」",
          "zh": "“为什么不吃？”“因为我讨厌青椒嘛。”"
        },
        {
          "ja": "一人で行けるよ。もう子どもじゃないもん。",
          "zh": "我可以一个人去，已经不是小孩子了嘛。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "ケーキ、全部食べちゃった。だって、すごくおいしかったんだもん。",
          "zh": "我把蛋糕全吃了。因为实在太好吃了嘛。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#mono-mon",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "89d7866c3867dee69dd28721764aab11d4401b82ea3a93e25a3190ce3f57760f"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "mono-dakara-mono-de",
    "pattern": "〜ものだから / 〜もので",
    "romaji": "mono dakara / mono de",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "because; since (explaining or excusing a situation)",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj + な / Noun + な + ものだから / もので",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "道がすごく混んでいたものだから、約束の時間に間に合わなかった。",
        "furigana": "{道|みち}がすごく{混|こ}んでいたものだから、{約束|やくそく}の{時間|じかん}に{間|ま}に{合|あ}わなかった。",
        "en": "The roads were really crowded, so I couldn't make it on time."
      },
      {
        "ja": "すみません、急いでいたもので、書類を持ってくるのを忘れてしまいました。",
        "furigana": "すみません、{急|いそ}いでいたもので、{書類|しょるい}を{持|も}ってくるのを{忘|わす}れてしまいました。",
        "en": "I'm sorry, I was in such a hurry that I forgot to bring the documents."
      },
      {
        "ja": "初めての海外旅行だったものだから、見るものすべてが珍しかった。",
        "furigana": "{初|はじ}めての{海外|かいがい}{旅行|りょこう}だったものだから、{見|み}るものすべてが{珍|めずら}しかった。",
        "en": "It was my first trip abroad, so everything I saw seemed new."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "reason"
    ],
    "notes": "Explains or excuses something that wasn't fully under the speaker's control. The main clause can't be a command or request. もので is common in polite apologies.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "be81d89fb8c9e9bf388bcb25545f07e86cc84e78373d34e6a8544bb1f5b817bc",
      "meanings": [
        "因为",
        "由于"
      ],
      "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干＋な／名词＋な＋ものだから／もので",
      "explanation": "解释原因，常用于说明难以控制的情况或为自己的行为辩解。",
      "notes": "もので常用于礼貌道歉；后项通常不接命令或请求。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "道がすごく混んでいたものだから、約束の時間に間に合わなかった。",
          "zh": "因为路上特别堵，所以没能赶上约定的时间。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "すみません、急いでいたもので、書類を持ってくるのを忘れてしまいました。",
          "zh": "对不起，因为当时很着急，忘记带文件了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "初めての海外旅行だったものだから、見るものすべてが珍しかった。",
          "zh": "因为是第一次出国旅行，看到的一切都觉得新奇。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#mono-dakara-mono-de",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "b591b299b68be5f0f17825dd774377df1587dc3a051eb4f42ca6c0206772c8f6"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "koto-da",
    "pattern": "〜ことだ",
    "romaji": "koto da",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "should; the best thing is to (advice)",
    "formation": "Verb-dict / Verb-nai + ことだ",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "日本語が上手になりたいなら、毎日少しずつでも話すことだ。",
        "furigana": "{日本語|にほんご}が{上手|じょうず}になりたいなら、{毎日|まいにち}{少|すこ}しずつでも{話|はな}すことだ。",
        "en": "If you want to get good at Japanese, you should speak it every day, even just a little."
      },
      {
        "ja": "風邪を早く治したければ、無理をしないでゆっくり休むことです。",
        "furigana": "{風邪|かぜ}を{早|はや}く{治|なお}したければ、{無理|むり}をしないでゆっくり{休|やす}むことです。",
        "en": "If you want to get over your cold quickly, the best thing is not to push yourself and to rest well."
      },
      {
        "ja": "人の話は最後までよく聞くことだ。",
        "furigana": "{人|ひと}の{話|はなし}は{最後|さいご}までよく{聞|き}くことだ。",
        "en": "You should always listen carefully to what people say, right to the end."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "advice"
    ],
    "notes": "Personal advice from someone in a position to give it (teacher, parent, senior). Not used toward superiors. Compare 〜ものだ, which appeals to general norms.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "e1cf90d5c10676f00ad6385c3deda1b5b845587be09c93c8892359963ed1dd43",
      "meanings": [
        "应该",
        "最好"
      ],
      "formation": "动词辞书形／ない形＋ことだ",
      "explanation": "针对某个目标或情况给出建议。",
      "notes": "常用于有资格给建议的人对晚辈等说，不宜用于上司。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "日本語が上手になりたいなら、毎日少しずつでも話すことだ。",
          "zh": "如果想提高日语，应该每天说一点。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "風邪を早く治したければ、無理をしないでゆっくり休むことです。",
          "zh": "如果想早点治好感冒，最好不要勉强，好好休息。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "人の話は最後までよく聞くことだ。",
          "zh": "应该认真听完别人说的话。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#koto-da",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "7499deb12a564830685eee7a807c532f419312602f8d0db8181f21a7f6290ebe"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "koto-wa-nai",
    "pattern": "〜ことはない",
    "romaji": "koto wa nai",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "there's no need to; don't have to",
    "formation": "Verb-dict + ことはない",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "簡単な手術ですから、そんなに心配することはありませんよ。",
        "furigana": "{簡単|かんたん}な{手術|しゅじゅつ}ですから、そんなに{心配|しんぱい}することはありませんよ。",
        "en": "It's a simple operation, so there's no need to worry so much."
      },
      {
        "ja": "駅までは歩いて五分だから、タクシーを使うことはない。",
        "furigana": "{駅|えき}までは{歩|ある}いて{五|ご}{分|ふん}だから、タクシーを{使|つか}うことはない。",
        "en": "The station is a five-minute walk, so there's no need to take a taxi."
      },
      {
        "ja": "一回失敗したくらいで、あきらめることはないよ。",
        "furigana": "{一回|いっかい}{失敗|しっぱい}したくらいで、あきらめることはないよ。",
        "en": "There's no need to give up just because you failed once."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "necessity",
      "negation",
      "advice"
    ],
    "notes": "Reassures or advises that something is unnecessary. Don't confuse with 〜たことはない ('have never done').",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "f1e4d6def96d940c9c151d624ac44cc68450a60badadff166a2ac85ee17a0cfb",
      "meanings": [
        "不必",
        "没有必要"
      ],
      "formation": "动词辞书形＋ことはない",
      "explanation": "表示某事没有必要，常用于安慰或劝告。",
      "notes": "不要与表示从未经历的たことはない混淆。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "簡単な手術ですから、そんなに心配することはありませんよ。",
          "zh": "只是个简单的手术，不必那么担心。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "駅までは歩いて五分だから、タクシーを使うことはない。",
          "zh": "走到车站只要五分钟，没有必要坐出租车。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "一回失敗したくらいで、あきらめることはないよ。",
          "zh": "不必因为失败了一次就放弃。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#koto-wa-nai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "f4fb584e024e2eaed88cdd3404b334c68954eb4c08582bcc9dcd3fe248e38d83"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "koto-ni-shite-iru",
    "pattern": "〜ことにしている",
    "romaji": "koto ni shite iru",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "make it a rule to; make a point of",
    "formation": "Verb-dict / Verb-nai + ことにしている",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "健康のために、週に三回はジムに通うことにしている。",
        "furigana": "{健康|けんこう}のために、{週|しゅう}に{三|さん}{回|かい}はジムに{通|かよ}うことにしている。",
        "en": "For my health, I make it a rule to go to the gym at least three times a week."
      },
      {
        "ja": "夜十時以降は、スマホを見ないことにしています。",
        "furigana": "{夜|よる}{十|じゅう}{時|じ}{以降|いこう}は、スマホを{見|み}ないことにしています。",
        "en": "I make a point of not looking at my phone after 10 p.m."
      },
      {
        "ja": "父は、給料日には家族を外食に連れていくことにしている。",
        "furigana": "{父|ちち}は、{給料|きゅうりょう}{日|び}には{家族|かぞく}を{外食|がいしょく}に{連|つ}れていくことにしている。",
        "en": "My dad makes a point of taking the family out to eat on payday."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "decision",
      "tendency"
    ],
    "notes": "A personal rule the speaker (or subject) decided on and keeps. Compare 〜ことになっている, a rule or plan set by others.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "fcbc2f4234a60a1a171c9d35960f01591ed29beb116dd74b1b6686228e547b6b",
      "meanings": [
        "习惯于",
        "规定自己"
      ],
      "formation": "动词辞书形／ない形＋ことにしている",
      "explanation": "表示自己决定并持续遵守的习惯或做法。",
      "notes": "与表示外部规则或安排的ことになっている不同。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "健康のために、週に三回はジムに通うことにしている。",
          "zh": "为了健康，我规定自己每周去三次健身房。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "夜十時以降は、スマホを見ないことにしています。",
          "zh": "我规定自己晚上十点以后不看手机。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "父は、給料日には家族を外食に連れていくことにしている。",
          "zh": "父亲规定自己每到发薪日就带家人出去吃饭。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#koto-ni-shite-iru",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "aad79e745b4674b8aa6d0241fdb91681c76d3580b4ee239642da09c6076f23e0"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "koto-ni-natte-iru",
    "pattern": "〜ことになっている",
    "romaji": "koto ni natte iru",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "it has been arranged that; it's the rule that; be supposed to",
    "formation": "Verb-dict / Verb-nai + ことになっている",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "この寮では、夜十一時までに戻ることになっている。",
        "furigana": "この{寮|りょう}では、{夜|よる}{十|じゅう}{一|いち}{時|じ}までに{戻|もど}ることになっている。",
        "en": "In this dorm, you're supposed to be back by 11 p.m."
      },
      {
        "ja": "来月から大阪の支社で働くことになっています。",
        "furigana": "{来月|らいげつ}から{大阪|おおさか}の{支社|ししゃ}で{働|はたら}くことになっています。",
        "en": "It's been arranged that I'll work at the Osaka branch from next month."
      },
      {
        "ja": "図書館の中では、飲み物を飲んではいけないことになっている。",
        "furigana": "{図書館|としょかん}の{中|なか}では、{飲|の}み{物|もの}を{飲|の}んではいけないことになっている。",
        "en": "The rules say you can't have drinks inside the library."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "decision",
      "obligation"
    ],
    "notes": "Rules, customs or plans decided by others (a company, school, society), not a personal choice. Compare 〜ことにしている.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "01bd5e95158f91f1df2cd1f0e078a9ac72df23645fa10f529414db62ab54aacc",
      "meanings": [
        "规定",
        "安排",
        "按理应该"
      ],
      "formation": "动词辞书形／ない形＋ことになっている",
      "explanation": "表示已确定的规则、惯例或安排。",
      "notes": "不强调个人决定；对比ことにしている。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "この寮では、夜十一時までに戻ることになっている。",
          "zh": "这座宿舍规定晚上十一点之前回来。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "来月から大阪の支社で働くことになっています。",
          "zh": "已安排我从下个月起在大阪分公司工作。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "図書館の中では、飲み物を飲んではいけないことになっている。",
          "zh": "图书馆里规定不能喝饮料。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#koto-ni-natte-iru",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "f65bd5c027d016480a85bdafbee7bac1aa4338fd5a0a9195290bb68f2c412530"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "koto-instruction",
    "pattern": "〜こと（instruction）",
    "romaji": "koto (instruction)",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "must; do (written rule or instruction)",
    "formation": "Verb-dict / Verb-nai + こと",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "レポートは、来週の金曜日までに提出すること。",
        "furigana": "レポートは、{来週|らいしゅう}の{金曜日|きんようび}までに{提出|ていしゅつ}すること。",
        "en": "Reports must be submitted by next Friday."
      },
      {
        "ja": "図書館の本に、線を引かないこと。",
        "furigana": "{図書館|としょかん}の{本|ほん}に、{線|せん}を{引|ひ}かないこと。",
        "en": "Do not draw lines in library books."
      },
      {
        "ja": "試験中は、スマホの電源を切っておくこと。",
        "furigana": "{試験|しけん}{中|ちゅう}は、スマホの{電源|でんげん}を{切|き}っておくこと。",
        "en": "Keep your phone switched off during the exam."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "command",
      "written",
      "obligation"
    ],
    "notes": "Ends a sentence with こと to state a rule. Found in notices, regulations and teacher-to-student instructions. Impersonal; not used toward superiors.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "281c84f182f337e8fbf57d6ffff8424fee2f9f7e78468d1345d2bb212e8e6f5a",
      "meanings": [
        "必须",
        "不得（书面规定）"
      ],
      "formation": "动词辞书形／ない形＋こと",
      "explanation": "句末用こと表示规则或指示。",
      "notes": "常见于通知、规章或教师给学生的指示，不用于命令上级。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "レポートは、来週の金曜日までに提出すること。",
          "zh": "报告必须在下周五之前提交。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "図書館の本に、線を引かないこと。",
          "zh": "不得在图书馆的书上画线。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "試験中は、スマホの電源を切っておくこと。",
          "zh": "考试期间必须关闭手机电源。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#koto-instruction",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "d74d516e37e5b06386451681e81b7e27bb96f87edf66e742b45444f3b86e64b3"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "you-ni-iu-you-ni-tanomu",
    "pattern": "〜ように言う / 〜ように頼む",
    "reading": "〜ようにいう / 〜ようにたのむ",
    "romaji": "you ni iu / you ni tanomu",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "tell someone to do; ask someone to do (reported command or request)",
    "formation": "Verb-dict / Verb-nai + ように言う / ように頼む",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "医者に、お酒を飲みすぎないように言われた。",
        "furigana": "{医者|いしゃ}に、お{酒|さけ}を{飲|の}みすぎないように{言|い}われた。",
        "en": "My doctor told me not to drink too much."
      },
      {
        "ja": "隣の部屋の人に、夜は音楽の音を小さくするように頼んだ。",
        "furigana": "{隣|となり}の{部屋|へや}の{人|ひと}に、{夜|よる}は{音楽|おんがく}の{音|おと}を{小|ちい}さくするように{頼|たの}んだ。",
        "en": "I asked the person next door to turn their music down at night."
      },
      {
        "ja": "山下さんに、明日の会議に遅れないように伝えてください。",
        "furigana": "{山下|やました}さんに、{明日|あした}の{会議|かいぎ}に{遅|おく}れないように{伝|つた}えてください。",
        "en": "Please tell Ms. Yamashita not to be late for tomorrow's meeting."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "request",
      "command",
      "quotation"
    ],
    "notes": "Reports an instruction or request indirectly. Works with other verbs too: 伝える, 注意する, お願いする. Direct-quote version: 「〜てください」と言う.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "7207dfb1fa5d92d6f25ee7fe4b1ab05a8ef3a910c86d3cbb7f61488ebbe75abd",
      "meanings": [
        "告诉某人做",
        "请求某人做"
      ],
      "formation": "动词辞书形／ない形＋ように言う／頼む",
      "explanation": "间接转述指示、请求或提醒。",
      "notes": "也可接伝える、注意する等动词。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "医者に、お酒を飲みすぎないように言われた。",
          "zh": "医生告诉我不要喝太多酒。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "隣の部屋の人に、夜は音楽の音を小さくするように頼んだ。",
          "zh": "我请隔壁房间的人晚上把音乐音量调小。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "山下さんに、明日の会議に遅れないように伝えてください。",
          "zh": "请转告山下先生不要迟到明天的会议。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#you-ni-iu-you-ni-tanomu",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "12ed7759cc61acf673bfde9eae318b32e071d38543fca2fe0def4f447d3348ce"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "you-to-suru",
    "pattern": "〜ようとする",
    "romaji": "you to suru",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "try to; attempt to; be about to",
    "formation": "Verb-volitional + とする",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "ドアを開けようとしたが、鍵がかかっていて開かなかった。",
        "furigana": "ドアを{開|あ}けようとしたが、{鍵|かぎ}がかかっていて{開|あ}かなかった。",
        "en": "I tried to open the door, but it was locked and wouldn't open."
      },
      {
        "ja": "家を出ようとしたとき、急に雨が降り出した。",
        "furigana": "{家|いえ}を{出|で}ようとしたとき、{急|きゅう}に{雨|あめ}が{降|ふ}り{出|だ}した。",
        "en": "Just as I was about to leave the house, it suddenly started to rain."
      },
      {
        "ja": "弟は何度注意しても、部屋を片付けようとしない。",
        "furigana": "{弟|おとうと}は{何|なん}{度|ど}{注意|ちゅうい}しても、{部屋|へや}を{片付|かたづ}けようとしない。",
        "en": "No matter how many times I tell him, my younger brother won't even try to tidy his room."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "attempt",
      "intention"
    ],
    "notes": "Often an attempt that fails or is interrupted. 〜ようとしない = 'won't even try' (unwillingness). Compare 〜てみる, which means actually doing something to see how it goes.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "534f8a962d67ae89d8f9c6828445a7ba1ddaccd66e75a3fe5c3077e8e50a2c0b",
      "meanings": [
        "试图",
        "正要"
      ],
      "formation": "动词意志形＋とする",
      "explanation": "表示试图做某事，或动作即将发生。",
      "notes": "〜ようとしない表示不肯或不打算尝试。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "ドアを開けようとしたが、鍵がかかっていて開かなかった。",
          "zh": "我想开门，可门锁着，打不开。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "家を出ようとしたとき、急に雨が降り出した。",
          "zh": "正要出门时，突然下起雨来。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "弟は何度注意しても、部屋を片付けようとしない。",
          "zh": "无论提醒多少次，弟弟都不肯收拾房间。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#you-to-suru",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "4064fef322308e30d104b3d8a8ee73702f1a36f796272f53c0716fe66869bf48"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "sou-ni-nai-sou-mo-nai",
    "pattern": "〜そうにない / 〜そうもない",
    "romaji": "sou ni nai / sou mo nai",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "unlikely to; doesn't look like it will",
    "formation": "Verb-stem + そうにない / そうもない",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "この雨は、夕方までやみそうにない。",
        "furigana": "この{雨|あめ}は、{夕方|ゆうがた}までやみそうにない。",
        "en": "This rain doesn't look like it will stop before evening."
      },
      {
        "ja": "仕事が多すぎて、今日中には終わりそうもない。",
        "furigana": "{仕事|しごと}が{多|おお}すぎて、{今日中|きょうじゅう}には{終|お}わりそうもない。",
        "en": "I have way too much work; it doesn't look like I'll finish today."
      },
      {
        "ja": "こんなにたくさんの料理、二人では食べきれそうにないね。",
        "furigana": "こんなにたくさんの{料理|りょうり}、{二人|ふたり}では{食|た}べきれそうにないね。",
        "en": "It doesn't look like the two of us will be able to finish all this food."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "conjecture",
      "negation",
      "possibility"
    ],
    "notes": "Negative of the appearance 〜そうだ with verbs, based on what the speaker observes. More emphatic: 〜そうにもない. With adjectives use 〜なさそうだ instead.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "41e78d3b62fdc90ed8ce36ac6760cb6b260b51752ebdcb6d92197f9f7d929d2c",
      "meanings": [
        "看来不会",
        "不太可能"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ます形去ます＋そうにない／そうもない",
      "explanation": "根据眼前情况判断某事似乎不会发生。",
      "notes": "形容词的否定外观常用なさそうだ。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "この雨は、夕方までやみそうにない。",
          "zh": "这场雨看起来到傍晚也不会停。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "仕事が多すぎて、今日中には終わりそうもない。",
          "zh": "工作太多，今天之内看来做不完。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "こんなにたくさんの料理、二人では食べきれそうにないね。",
          "zh": "这么多菜，两个人看来吃不完啊。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#sou-ni-nai-sou-mo-nai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "68b4cb486c9ebefb7156a923ee85578d567a2fa7e3fd17f06d58d37f11e1c315"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ippou-da",
    "pattern": "〜一方だ",
    "reading": "〜いっぽうだ",
    "romaji": "ippou da",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "keep on -ing; more and more (change in one direction)",
    "formation": "Verb-dict + 一方だ",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "この町の人口は、減る一方だ。",
        "furigana": "この{町|まち}の{人口|じんこう}は、{減|へ}る{一方|いっぽう}だ。",
        "en": "This town's population just keeps on shrinking."
      },
      {
        "ja": "物価は上がる一方なのに、給料は全然上がらない。",
        "furigana": "{物価|ぶっか}は{上|あ}がる{一方|いっぽう}なのに、{給料|きゅうりょう}は{全然|ぜんぜん}{上|あ}がらない。",
        "en": "Prices keep going up and up, yet my salary doesn't rise at all."
      },
      {
        "ja": "勉強をさぼっていたら、成績は下がる一方だった。",
        "furigana": "{勉強|べんきょう}をさぼっていたら、{成績|せいせき}は{下|さ}がる{一方|いっぽう}だった。",
        "en": "Since I kept skipping my studies, my grades just kept dropping."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "change",
      "tendency"
    ],
    "notes": "Steady change in one direction, usually (not always) for the worse. Used with verbs of change such as 増える, 減る, 上がる, 悪くなる.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "fa97b0b232cfae23702c681a94926d7e37e7fa58c3f4c3872b919e9cafa12ccb",
      "meanings": [
        "不断",
        "越来越"
      ],
      "formation": "动词辞书形＋一方だ",
      "explanation": "表示某种变化持续朝一个方向发展。",
      "notes": "常用于増える、減る等变化动词，多用于不理想的变化。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "この町の人口は、減る一方だ。",
          "zh": "这个城镇的人口不断减少。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "物価は上がる一方なのに、給料は全然上がらない。",
          "zh": "物价不断上涨，工资却完全不涨。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "勉強をさぼっていたら、成績は下がる一方だった。",
          "zh": "因为一直偷懒不学习，成绩不断下降。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#ippou-da",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "034fb07dfdabd85e2dee924628d7748363c0ee6d39429862e590e7e12e9619bb"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ippou-de",
    "pattern": "〜一方で",
    "reading": "〜いっぽうで",
    "romaji": "ippou de",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "while; on the other hand; at the same time",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj + な / Noun + である + 一方で",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "インターネットは便利な一方で、危険な面もある。",
        "furigana": "インターネットは{便利|べんり}な{一方|いっぽう}で、{危険|きけん}な{面|めん}もある。",
        "en": "The internet is convenient, but on the other hand it has its dangers."
      },
      {
        "ja": "この会社は給料が高い一方で、休みがとても少ない。",
        "furigana": "この{会社|かいしゃ}は{給料|きゅうりょう}が{高|たか}い{一方|いっぽう}で、{休|やす}みがとても{少|すく}ない。",
        "en": "This company pays well, but on the other hand there are very few days off."
      },
      {
        "ja": "彼女は会社で働く一方で、夜は大学院に通っている。",
        "furigana": "{彼女|かのじょ}は{会社|かいしゃ}で{働|はたら}く{一方|いっぽう}で、{夜|よる}は{大学院|だいがくいん}に{通|かよ}っている。",
        "en": "While working at a company, she also attends graduate school in the evenings."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "contrast",
      "simultaneity"
    ],
    "notes": "Presents two sides of one thing, or two parallel activities. Compare 〜に対して, which contrasts two different subjects.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "89cdc32e504d3c86cf207c4f7515ed91e443f5734f3d8d4c6cc97ef77a58a24c",
      "meanings": [
        "一方面",
        "同时"
      ],
      "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干＋な／名词＋である＋一方で",
      "explanation": "表示同一事物的两个方面，或同时进行的活动。",
      "notes": "语境也可以用于对照不同事物。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "インターネットは便利な一方で、危険な面もある。",
          "zh": "互联网虽然方便，但也有危险的一面。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "この会社は給料が高い一方で、休みがとても少ない。",
          "zh": "这家公司的工资高，但休假非常少。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "彼女は会社で働く一方で、夜は大学院に通っている。",
          "zh": "她一边在公司工作，晚上还去读研究生。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#ippou-de",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "42d070d0ed1f7d5299bcba0f790c6d9e2f97502b4edb24f8d29575328356dd49"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ni-taishite",
    "pattern": "〜に対して",
    "reading": "〜にたいして",
    "romaji": "ni taishite",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "toward; against; in contrast to",
    "formation": "Noun + に対して / Noun + に対する + Noun / Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj + な + のに対して",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "お客様に対して、そんな言い方をしてはいけない。",
        "furigana": "お{客様|きゃくさま}に{対|たい}して、そんな{言|い}い{方|かた}をしてはいけない。",
        "en": "You mustn't speak like that to a customer."
      },
      {
        "ja": "新しい税金に対する反対の声が高まっている。",
        "furigana": "{新|あたら}しい{税金|ぜいきん}に{対|たい}する{反対|はんたい}の{声|こえ}が{高|たか}まっている。",
        "en": "Opposition to the new tax is growing."
      },
      {
        "ja": "東京は晴れているのに対して、大阪は朝から大雨だ。",
        "furigana": "{東京|とうきょう}は{晴|は}れているのに{対|たい}して、{大阪|おおさか}は{朝|あさ}から{大雨|おおあめ}だ。",
        "en": "Whereas it's sunny in Tokyo, it's been pouring in Osaka since morning."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "relation",
      "contrast"
    ],
    "notes": "Marks the target of an action, attitude or feeling, or contrasts two things. Compare 〜について, which marks the topic being discussed rather than a target.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "495cfde5ce56fbc9628ae3e35a7e0dbd77e1e3fe743724b14f9703571932b5bf",
      "meanings": [
        "对",
        "针对",
        "与……相比"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋に対して／名词＋に対する＋名词；普通形＋のに対して",
      "explanation": "表示动作或态度的对象，也可表示对比。",
      "notes": "名词和な形容词作对比时可用なのに対して。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "お客様に対して、そんな言い方をしてはいけない。",
          "zh": "不能对顾客那样说话。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "新しい税金に対する反対の声が高まっている。",
          "zh": "反对新税的呼声越来越高。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "東京は晴れているのに対して、大阪は朝から大雨だ。",
          "zh": "东京晴天，相比之下大阪从早上起就下大雨。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#ni-taishite",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "67ab5f81ea4ea9c3a3411c1fc92c1d61ccb9e5b334c1b82ce2e5c5d43a119f60"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ni-tsuite",
    "pattern": "〜について",
    "romaji": "ni tsuite",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "about; concerning; regarding",
    "formation": "Noun + について / Noun + についての + Noun",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "今日の授業では、日本の食文化について話し合いました。",
        "furigana": "{今日|きょう}の{授業|じゅぎょう}では、{日本|にほん}の{食|しょく}{文化|ぶんか}について{話|はな}し{合|あ}いました。",
        "en": "In today's class, we discussed Japanese food culture."
      },
      {
        "ja": "新しい商品についての質問は、こちらのメールアドレスまでお送りください。",
        "furigana": "{新|あたら}しい{商品|しょうひん}についての{質問|しつもん}は、こちらのメールアドレスまでお{送|おく}りください。",
        "en": "Please send any questions about the new product to this email address."
      },
      {
        "ja": "その事件について、警察はまだ何も発表していない。",
        "furigana": "その{事件|じけん}について、{警察|けいさつ}はまだ{何|なに}も{発表|はっぴょう}していない。",
        "en": "The police haven't announced anything about the incident yet."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "topic",
      "relation"
    ],
    "notes": "Marks the topic of speaking, thinking or research. More formal: 〜に関して. Compare 〜に対して (the target of an attitude or action).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "bea507ecc33b9a53e7463f023f16300e6603a3366fd7504d106f93a0ee6a4c04",
      "meanings": [
        "关于"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋について／についての＋名词",
      "explanation": "表示说话、思考或研究的话题。",
      "notes": "に関して语气较正式；に対して常表示对象或对比。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "今日の授業では、日本の食文化について話し合いました。",
          "zh": "今天的课上我们讨论了日本的饮食文化。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "新しい商品についての質問は、こちらのメールアドレスまでお送りください。",
          "zh": "关于新商品的问题，请发到这个电子邮箱。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "その事件について、警察はまだ何も発表していない。",
          "zh": "警方关于那起事件还没有发布任何消息。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#ni-tsuite",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "a21baaebb2874ce51293b6b7a9aa7be838e98b40cd2ca05ac2b9aa2c86d156e6"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ni-yotte-ni-yoru",
    "pattern": "〜によって / 〜による",
    "romaji": "ni yotte / ni yoru",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "by (agent); by means of; due to; depending on",
    "formation": "Noun + によって / Noun + による + Noun",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "この橋は、有名な建築家によって設計された。",
        "furigana": "この{橋|はし}は、{有名|ゆうめい}な{建築|けんちく}{家|か}によって{設計|せっけい}された。",
        "en": "This bridge was designed by a famous architect."
      },
      {
        "ja": "台風による被害は、まだ正確には分かっていない。",
        "furigana": "{台風|たいふう}による{被害|ひがい}は、まだ{正確|せいかく}には{分|わ}かっていない。",
        "en": "The full extent of the damage caused by the typhoon is still unknown."
      },
      {
        "ja": "国によって、食事のマナーはずいぶん違う。",
        "furigana": "{国|くに}によって、{食事|しょくじ}のマナーはずいぶん{違|ちが}う。",
        "en": "Table manners differ quite a lot from country to country."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "means",
      "reason",
      "voice"
    ],
    "notes": "Uses: agent of a passive (formal, for creating or discovering), cause, means, and 'varies by'. 〜によっては = 'in some cases, depending on'.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "619039c58b383ec3a94654992d3eb1ac15810a247c494af433c050429448f91c",
      "meanings": [
        "由",
        "由于",
        "通过",
        "因……而异"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋によって／による＋名词",
      "explanation": "表示行为者、原因、手段或差异的依据。",
      "notes": "によっては表示视情况而定或在某些情况下。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "この橋は、有名な建築家によって設計された。",
          "zh": "这座桥是由著名建筑师设计的。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "台風による被害は、まだ正確には分かっていない。",
          "zh": "台风造成的损失还不清楚确切情况。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "国によって、食事のマナーはずいぶん違う。",
          "zh": "各国的用餐礼仪有很大差异。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#ni-yotte-ni-yoru",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "445528963ab6a1577e6be8a9c22298f09f84b10dee64104be3cb6d87e9038f62"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ni-yoru-to-ni-yoreba",
    "pattern": "〜によると / 〜によれば",
    "romaji": "ni yoru to / ni yoreba",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "according to",
    "formation": "Noun + によると / Noun + によれば",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "天気予報によると、週末は大雪になるそうだ。",
        "furigana": "{天気|てんき}{予報|よほう}によると、{週末|しゅうまつ}は{大雪|おおゆき}になるそうだ。",
        "en": "According to the weather forecast, there's going to be heavy snow this weekend."
      },
      {
        "ja": "ニュースによれば、事故の原因はまだ分かっていないらしい。",
        "furigana": "ニュースによれば、{事故|じこ}の{原因|げんいん}はまだ{分|わ}かっていないらしい。",
        "en": "According to the news, the cause of the accident still isn't known."
      },
      {
        "ja": "姉の話によると、あのレストランは予約がないと入れないということだ。",
        "furigana": "{姉|あね}の{話|はなし}によると、あのレストランは{予約|よやく}がないと{入|はい}れないということだ。",
        "en": "According to my sister, you can't get into that restaurant without a reservation."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "hearsay"
    ],
    "notes": "Names the source of information. The sentence usually ends in a hearsay expression such as 〜そうだ, 〜らしい or 〜ということだ.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "d05b61f1c199f1579576f73e738bd0daff8fcc34fa94690f87ca1110ced71bbd",
      "meanings": [
        "据",
        "根据"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋によると／によれば",
      "explanation": "指出信息的来源。",
      "notes": "后项常用そうだ、らしい或ということだ等转述形式。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "天気予報によると、週末は大雪になるそうだ。",
          "zh": "据天气预报，周末会下大雪。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "ニュースによれば、事故の原因はまだ分かっていないらしい。",
          "zh": "据新闻报道，事故原因似乎尚不清楚。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "姉の話によると、あのレストランは予約がないと入れないということだ。",
          "zh": "据姐姐说，那家餐厅不预约就进不去。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#ni-yoru-to-ni-yoreba",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "1ed4a3a675427b361ebd3968bd8f41290a73c5a8555b0f6bf6c12d9f868fe571"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "bakari-de-naku",
    "pattern": "〜ばかりでなく",
    "romaji": "bakari de naku",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "not only ... but also",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj + な / Noun + ばかりでなく",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "この映画は子どもばかりでなく、大人も楽しめる。",
        "furigana": "この{映画|えいが}は{子|こ}どもばかりでなく、{大人|おとな}も{楽|たの}しめる。",
        "en": "Not only children but adults too can enjoy this film."
      },
      {
        "ja": "新しいスマホは画面が大きいばかりでなく、電池も長持ちする。",
        "furigana": "{新|あたら}しいスマホは{画面|がめん}が{大|おお}きいばかりでなく、{電池|でんち}も{長持|ながも}ちする。",
        "en": "The new smartphone not only has a big screen, its battery lasts a long time too."
      },
      {
        "ja": "運動は体にいいばかりでなく、ストレスを減らす効果もある。",
        "furigana": "{運動|うんどう}は{体|からだ}にいいばかりでなく、ストレスを{減|へ}らす{効果|こうか}もある。",
        "en": "Exercise is not only good for your body, it also helps reduce stress."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "addition"
    ],
    "notes": "Same meaning as 〜だけでなく but a little more formal. The second part usually contains も or まで.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "7122eaafe6ca291af7a44a08f5633b59709ec2ded304ee19ff1954069c6edf77",
      "meanings": [
        "不但",
        "而且"
      ],
      "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干＋な／名词＋ばかりでなく",
      "explanation": "在列举一项之外，再添加另一项。",
      "notes": "比だけでなく稍正式，后项常有も。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "この映画は子どもばかりでなく、大人も楽しめる。",
          "zh": "这部电影不但孩子喜欢，大人也能享受。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "新しいスマホは画面が大きいばかりでなく、電池も長持ちする。",
          "zh": "新手机不但屏幕大，电池也很耐用。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "運動は体にいいばかりでなく、ストレスを減らす効果もある。",
          "zh": "运动不仅对身体有益，还有减轻压力的效果。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#bakari-de-naku",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "2886443558e37c37b68f9771f8dfa50189951adbec93cab0e0e5147c1e730340"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "dake-de-naku",
    "pattern": "〜だけでなく",
    "romaji": "dake de naku",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "not only ... but also",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj + な / Noun + だけでなく",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "この店は料理がおいしいだけでなく、値段も安い。",
        "furigana": "この{店|みせ}は{料理|りょうり}がおいしいだけでなく、{値段|ねだん}も{安|やす}い。",
        "en": "This restaurant not only has delicious food, it's cheap too."
      },
      {
        "ja": "地震の後、水だけでなく電気も止まってしまった。",
        "furigana": "{地震|じしん}の{後|あと}、{水|みず}だけでなく{電気|でんき}も{止|と}まってしまった。",
        "en": "After the earthquake, not only the water but also the electricity was cut off."
      },
      {
        "ja": "彼女は歌が上手なだけでなく、自分で曲も作っている。",
        "furigana": "{彼女|かのじょ}は{歌|うた}が{上手|じょうず}なだけでなく、{自分|じぶん}で{曲|きょく}も{作|つく}っている。",
        "en": "She not only sings well but also writes her own songs."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "addition"
    ],
    "notes": "Common in both speech and writing. Casual: 〜だけじゃなくて. Slightly less formal than 〜ばかりでなく.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "a8200ef51bcb1f9e87d0b748914f2f33d1a0b13851270b2df0da813b40a6a3f5",
      "meanings": [
        "不但",
        "而且"
      ],
      "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干＋な／名词＋だけでなく",
      "explanation": "表示除了前项之外，后项也成立。",
      "notes": "口语可说だけじゃなくて。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "この店は料理がおいしいだけでなく、値段も安い。",
          "zh": "这家店不仅饭菜好吃，价格也便宜。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "地震の後、水だけでなく電気も止まってしまった。",
          "zh": "地震后不但停水，也停电了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "彼女は歌が上手なだけでなく、自分で曲も作っている。",
          "zh": "她不仅擅长唱歌，还自己作曲。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#dake-de-naku",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "5f24564dbb05a4bcb204efc70c0b0c285fd8e1a0c7559c6ced86944f61a172a2"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "mo-ba-mo",
    "pattern": "〜も〜ば〜も",
    "romaji": "mo ... ba ... mo",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "both ... and ...; not only ... but also",
    "formation": "Noun + も + Verb-ba + Noun + も / Noun + も + i-Adj stem + ければ + Noun + も",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "彼女は歌も歌えば、ピアノも弾く。",
        "furigana": "{彼女|かのじょ}は{歌|うた}も{歌|うた}えば、ピアノも{弾|ひ}く。",
        "en": "She both sings and plays the piano."
      },
      {
        "ja": "この町には、海もあれば山もある。",
        "furigana": "この{町|まち}には、{海|うみ}もあれば{山|やま}もある。",
        "en": "This town has both the sea and the mountains."
      },
      {
        "ja": "人生には、いいときもあれば悪いときもある。",
        "furigana": "{人生|じんせい}には、いいときもあれば{悪|わる}いときもある。",
        "en": "In life there are good times and there are bad times."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "addition"
    ],
    "notes": "Lists two facts of the same kind for emphasis; contrasting pairs (いいときも悪いときも) are very common. Compare 〜し, which lists reasons.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "ea26f7a6e0509a016609c9484727286f8e942b4322f58d2c37f99768a5fbbcf1",
      "meanings": [
        "既……又……"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋も＋动词ば形＋名词＋も；名词＋も＋い形容词词干＋ければ＋名词＋も",
      "explanation": "并列两个事实，加以强调。",
      "notes": "也常列举相反的情况。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "彼女は歌も歌えば、ピアノも弾く。",
          "zh": "她既唱歌，也弹钢琴。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "この町には、海もあれば山もある。",
          "zh": "这个城镇既有海也有山。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "人生には、いいときもあれば悪いときもある。",
          "zh": "人生既有好时候，也有坏时候。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#mo-ba-mo",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "c5000a955fb4a79f4ee1a77f31fa781ffa8d925fffc7000c3d998cfd6c76a6ed"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "rashii-typical-of",
    "pattern": "〜らしい（typical of）",
    "romaji": "rashii (typical of)",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "typical of; befitting; truly like",
    "formation": "Noun + らしい",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "今日は春らしい暖かい一日だった。",
        "furigana": "{今日|きょう}は{春|はる}らしい{暖|あたた}かい{一|いち}{日|にち}だった。",
        "en": "Today was a warm, truly spring-like day."
      },
      {
        "ja": "文句ばかり言うなんて、君らしくないね。",
        "furigana": "{文句|もんく}ばかり{言|い}うなんて、{君|きみ}らしくないね。",
        "en": "Complaining all the time isn't like you."
      },
      {
        "ja": "もっと学生らしい服装で来てください。",
        "furigana": "もっと{学生|がくせい}らしい{服装|ふくそう}で{来|き}てください。",
        "en": "Please come dressed in a way more appropriate for a student."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "appearance",
      "manner"
    ],
    "notes": "Having the qualities you expect of the noun. Negative: 〜らしくない ('not like'). Differs from the hearsay 〜らしい (N4) and from 〜っぽい (looks like X but isn't).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "875e416464bfb3283a68401a7851f50f13dc34e13c37d942f244546b7e43b46a",
      "meanings": [
        "有……的特点",
        "像……应有的样子"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋らしい",
      "explanation": "表示具有该名词所典型具备的特征。",
      "notes": "らしくない表示不像；与传闻、推测的らしい不同。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "今日は春らしい暖かい一日だった。",
          "zh": "今天是温暖得像春天一样的一天。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "文句ばかり言うなんて、君らしくないね。",
          "zh": "你光抱怨可不像你啊。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "もっと学生らしい服装で来てください。",
          "zh": "请穿得更像学生一些再来。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#rashii-typical-of",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "2e33bd1a8ced63164bbfa88196e8f62d15d7603c12d38698b3860d316b7e39e3"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ppoi",
    "pattern": "〜っぽい",
    "romaji": "ppoi",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "-ish; -like; tends to (casual)",
    "formation": "Noun / Verb-stem / i-Adj stem + っぽい",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "この服はちょっと子どもっぽいから、別のにしよう。",
        "furigana": "この{服|ふく}はちょっと{子|こ}どもっぽいから、{別|べつ}のにしよう。",
        "en": "This outfit is a bit childish, so let's go with a different one."
      },
      {
        "ja": "最近忘れっぽくなって、困っている。",
        "furigana": "{最近|さいきん}{忘|わす}れっぽくなって、{困|こま}っている。",
        "en": "I've become forgetful lately, and it's a problem."
      },
      {
        "ja": "あの白っぽいビルが、新しい市役所です。",
        "furigana": "あの{白|しろ}っぽいビルが、{新|あたら}しい{市役所|しやくしょ}です。",
        "en": "That whitish building is the new city hall."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "appearance",
      "tendency",
      "casual"
    ],
    "notes": "Noun + っぽい: seems like X though it isn't (大人っぽい). Verb-stem + っぽい: tends to (怒りっぽい). Compare 〜らしい, which means truly typical of X.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "7e86d0ddbdb001440777688cf7a542ba9f796ee535833588a4eb4674fa4893ca",
      "meanings": [
        "像……的",
        "容易……的"
      ],
      "formation": "名词／动词ます形去ます／い形容词词干＋っぽい",
      "explanation": "表示外观或性质像某物，或者容易出现某种倾向。",
      "notes": "语气较口语；怒りっぽい指容易生气。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "この服はちょっと子どもっぽいから、別のにしよう。",
          "zh": "这件衣服有点孩子气，换别的吧。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "最近忘れっぽくなって、困っている。",
          "zh": "最近容易忘事，让我很困扰。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "あの白っぽいビルが、新しい市役所です。",
          "zh": "那栋发白的楼就是新市政府。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#ppoi",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "365a7118a81f2ec8ca8a2de40e3b9057d41fce95daefb4ce337656b79a903696"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "teki",
    "pattern": "〜的",
    "reading": "〜てき",
    "romaji": "teki",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "-ic; -al; in terms of",
    "formation": "Noun + 的な + Noun / Noun + 的に",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "日本の伝統的な料理を食べてみたい。",
        "furigana": "{日本|にほん}の{伝統|でんとう}{的|てき}な{料理|りょうり}を{食|た}べてみたい。",
        "en": "I'd like to try traditional Japanese food."
      },
      {
        "ja": "この問題は、経済的な理由で解決が難しい。",
        "furigana": "この{問題|もんだい}は、{経済|けいざい}{的|てき}な{理由|りゆう}で{解決|かいけつ}が{難|むずか}しい。",
        "en": "This problem is hard to solve for economic reasons."
      },
      {
        "ja": "個人的には、この案に賛成です。",
        "furigana": "{個人|こじん}{的|てき}には、この{案|あん}に{賛成|さんせい}です。",
        "en": "Personally, I'm in favor of this plan."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "manner",
      "standpoint"
    ],
    "notes": "Turns a (usually kanji) noun into a na-adjective: 的な before nouns, 的に before verbs and adjectives. Many are best learned as words: 具体的, 基本的, 積極的.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "f02ad38a6fbca499acee242905cffd01b5ca5f3125efaf33b6cf8696dff91146",
      "meanings": [
        "……的",
        "从……角度"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋的な＋名词／名词＋的に",
      "explanation": "接名词构成形容动词性表达。",
      "notes": "的な修饰名词，的に修饰动词或形容词。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "日本の伝統的な料理を食べてみたい。",
          "zh": "我想尝尝日本传统料理。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "この問題は、経済的な理由で解決が難しい。",
          "zh": "这个问题因经济原因难以解决。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "個人的には、この案に賛成です。",
          "zh": "就我个人而言，我赞成这个方案。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#teki",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "2e2fe7198f23aebbc8f950dd43b0f0674f6bb6264c620fbc8d78b1e96e80db3b"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "you-na-you-ni-like",
    "pattern": "〜ような / 〜ように（like）",
    "romaji": "you na / you ni (like)",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "like; as; such as",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / Noun + の + ような / ように",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "私も、あなたのような優しい看護師になりたいです。",
        "furigana": "{私|わたし}も、あなたのような{優|やさ}しい{看護|かんご}{師|し}になりたいです。",
        "en": "I want to become a kind nurse like you, too."
      },
      {
        "ja": "先生が言ったように、この文法はテストによく出る。",
        "furigana": "{先生|せんせい}が{言|い}ったように、この{文法|ぶんぽう}はテストによく{出|で}る。",
        "en": "As the teacher said, this grammar point often comes up on tests."
      },
      {
        "ja": "東京のような大きな都市では、家賃がとても高い。",
        "furigana": "{東京|とうきょう}のような{大|おお}きな{都市|とし}では、{家賃|やちん}がとても{高|たか}い。",
        "en": "In big cities such as Tokyo, rent is very high."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "comparison",
      "example",
      "manner"
    ],
    "notes": "ような comes before nouns, ように before verbs and adjectives. AのようなB can also mean 'B such as A'. Casual: 〜みたいな / 〜みたいに.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "b11fc9c7208f6eff9626bb46447f4356d5b75f36854d2cd6824d04d9a0998857",
      "meanings": [
        "像……的",
        "像……一样"
      ],
      "formation": "动词普通形／名词＋の＋ような／ように",
      "explanation": "表示比喻或举例；ような修饰名词，ように修饰谓语。",
      "notes": "口语中常用みたいな、みたいに。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "私も、あなたのような優しい看護師になりたいです。",
          "zh": "我也想成为像你一样温柔的护士。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "先生が言ったように、この文法はテストによく出る。",
          "zh": "正如老师所说，这个语法经常在考试中出现。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "東京のような大きな都市では、家賃がとても高い。",
          "zh": "像东京这样的大城市，房租很高。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#you-na-you-ni-like",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "aa1f9798a7a0b44fcc43fbd307d5b553097238462cd756327b395022b45395f4"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "marude-you-da",
    "pattern": "まるで〜ようだ",
    "romaji": "marude ... you da",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "just like; as if",
    "formation": "まるで + Verb-plain / Noun + の + ようだ",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "この部屋は広くて明るくて、まるでホテルのようだ。",
        "furigana": "この{部屋|へや}は{広|ひろ}くて{明|あか}るくて、まるでホテルのようだ。",
        "en": "This room is so big and bright, it's just like a hotel."
      },
      {
        "ja": "久しぶりに会った友達は、まるで別人のように変わっていた。",
        "furigana": "{久|ひさ}しぶりに{会|あ}った{友達|ともだち}は、まるで{別人|べつじん}のように{変|か}わっていた。",
        "en": "My friend, whom I hadn't seen in ages, had changed so much she seemed like a different person."
      },
      {
        "ja": "三月なのに、今日はまるで真夏のように暑い。",
        "furigana": "{三月|さんがつ}なのに、{今日|きょう}はまるで{真夏|まなつ}のように{暑|あつ}い。",
        "en": "It's only March, but today it's as hot as midsummer."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "comparison",
      "appearance"
    ],
    "notes": "まるで signals a figurative comparison: it only seems so. Casual: まるで〜みたいだ. Compare N2 〜かのようだ.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "799835d6df1d5cac393a39fe1acfed116f6b2e7f1600f2a3907ecf47536806d2",
      "meanings": [
        "简直像",
        "仿佛"
      ],
      "formation": "まるで＋动词普通形／名词＋の＋ようだ",
      "explanation": "以まるで加强比喻，表示看起来像另一事物。",
      "notes": "口语也可用まるで〜みたいだ。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "この部屋は広くて明るくて、まるでホテルのようだ。",
          "zh": "这个房间又宽敞又明亮，简直像酒店。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "久しぶりに会った友達は、まるで別人のように変わっていた。",
          "zh": "久别重逢的朋友变得简直像另一个人。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "三月なのに、今日はまるで真夏のように暑い。",
          "zh": "虽然是三月，今天却热得像盛夏一样。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#marude-you-da",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "de77e68917ff66e1e282d2b55443c8ee3b6b722c831363a13d787aee596c0fea"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ni-chigai-nai",
    "pattern": "〜に違いない",
    "reading": "〜にちがいない",
    "romaji": "ni chigai nai",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "must be; surely; no doubt",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj / Noun + に違いない",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "隣の家は何日も電気が消えている。家族で旅行に出かけたに違いない。",
        "furigana": "{隣|となり}の{家|いえ}は{何|なん}{日|にち}も{電気|でんき}が{消|き}えている。{家族|かぞく}で{旅行|りょこう}に{出|で}かけたに{違|ちが}いない。",
        "en": "The lights next door have been off for days. The family must have gone on a trip."
      },
      {
        "ja": "こんなに人が並んでいるんだから、この店のラーメンはおいしいに違いない。",
        "furigana": "こんなに{人|ひと}が{並|なら}んでいるんだから、この{店|みせ}のラーメンはおいしいに{違|ちが}いない。",
        "en": "With this many people in line, the ramen here must be good."
      },
      {
        "ja": "この手紙の字は、父の字に違いない。",
        "furigana": "この{手紙|てがみ}の{字|じ}は、{父|ちち}の{字|じ}に{違|ちが}いない。",
        "en": "The handwriting on this letter is surely my father's."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "conjecture",
      "emphasis"
    ],
    "notes": "Strong conviction based on evidence or intuition; a slightly written tone. Compare 〜に決まっている, which is more subjective and conversational.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "6fb27948ae67d7c3dd5a13b71aac0a7dc791ded217edbd840a26e7c91883935f",
      "meanings": [
        "一定",
        "肯定"
      ],
      "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干／名词＋に違いない",
      "explanation": "根据线索或直觉作出强烈推断。",
      "notes": "语气较郑重；并不表示事实已被证实。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "隣の家は何日も電気が消えている。家族で旅行に出かけたに違いない。",
          "zh": "邻居家好几天没亮灯了，一定是全家出去旅行了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "こんなに人が並んでいるんだから、この店のラーメンはおいしいに違いない。",
          "zh": "排了这么多人，这家店的拉面一定很好吃。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "この手紙の字は、父の字に違いない。",
          "zh": "这封信的字一定是父亲的。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#ni-chigai-nai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "1b672aa41bcf1a1d083c6c1094bdde4228d7c473c0a535437fedcb04c80a3fd7"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ni-kimatte-iru",
    "pattern": "〜に決まっている",
    "reading": "〜にきまっている",
    "romaji": "ni kimatte iru",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "certainly; is bound to; of course",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj / Noun + に決まっている",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "練習もしないで試合に出たら、負けるに決まっている。",
        "furigana": "{練習|れんしゅう}もしないで{試合|しあい}に{出|で}たら、{負|ま}けるに{決|き}まっている。",
        "en": "If you play the match without practicing, you're bound to lose."
      },
      {
        "ja": "一人で富士山に登るなんて、お母さんが心配するに決まってるでしょう。",
        "furigana": "{一人|ひとり}で{富士山|ふじさん}に{登|のぼ}るなんて、お{母|かあ}さんが{心配|しんぱい}するに{決|き}まってるでしょう。",
        "en": "Climbing Mt. Fuji alone? Of course your mother's going to worry."
      },
      {
        "ja": "そんなうまい話、うそに決まっているよ。",
        "furigana": "そんなうまい{話|はなし}、うそに{決|き}まっているよ。",
        "en": "A deal that good? It's got to be a lie."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "conjecture",
      "emphasis",
      "casual"
    ],
    "notes": "A very confident, subjective judgment, common in conversation (〜に決まってる). More assertive than 〜に違いない and not suited to formal writing.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "bee01fc0b62ba9c3a72ebade2f76780882951dc50e39795cb422e141537f7d20",
      "meanings": [
        "肯定",
        "一定"
      ],
      "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干／名词＋に決まっている",
      "explanation": "表达说话人很有把握的主观判断。",
      "notes": "口语常缩为に決まってる，语气较强。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "練習もしないで試合に出たら、負けるに決まっている。",
          "zh": "不练习就去比赛，肯定会输。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "一人で富士山に登るなんて、お母さんが心配するに決まってるでしょう。",
          "zh": "一个人爬富士山，妈妈肯定会担心的吧。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "そんなうまい話、うそに決まっているよ。",
          "zh": "那么好的事肯定是假的。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#ni-kimatte-iru",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "fb4b3ed7d911a9d01acf56a4793d13339a0d4a6bb7c950a26ae62dd4d3fc41f1"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ki-ga-suru",
    "pattern": "〜気がする",
    "reading": "〜きがする",
    "romaji": "ki ga suru",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "have a feeling that; feel like",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj + な + 気がする / Verb-plain / Noun + の + ような + 気がする",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "この人とは、どこかで会ったことがある気がする。",
        "furigana": "この{人|ひと}とは、どこかで{会|あ}ったことがある{気|き}がする。",
        "en": "I feel like I've met this person somewhere before."
      },
      {
        "ja": "今日は何か、いいことがありそうな気がする。",
        "furigana": "{今日|きょう}は{何|なに}か、いいことがありそうな{気|き}がする。",
        "en": "I have a feeling something good is going to happen today."
      },
      {
        "ja": "ドアの鍵をかけ忘れたような気がして、家に戻った。",
        "furigana": "ドアの{鍵|かぎ}をかけ{忘|わす}れたような{気|き}がして、{家|いえ}に{戻|もど}った。",
        "en": "I had a feeling I'd forgotten to lock the door, so I went back home."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "conjecture",
      "emotion"
    ],
    "notes": "A vague, intuitive impression rather than a firm judgment; ような気がする is even softer. Different from N4 〜がする (a smell, sound or taste).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "390cebb51d3094dca8a6e13467cedbf9aa9c17e90147069ca5cd3305c12b4d41",
      "meanings": [
        "感觉",
        "觉得好像"
      ],
      "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干＋な＋気がする；普通形／名词＋の＋ような気がする",
      "explanation": "表达不十分确定的直觉或印象。",
      "notes": "ような気がする语气更委婉。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "この人とは、どこかで会ったことがある気がする。",
          "zh": "我觉得好像在哪里见过这个人。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "今日は何か、いいことがありそうな気がする。",
          "zh": "我感觉今天好像会有什么好事。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "ドアの鍵をかけ忘れたような気がして、家に戻った。",
          "zh": "我觉得好像忘了锁门，于是回家了。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#ki-ga-suru",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "5c43ce9a49f0c8079711664f88230fbe67bb63d36c86473acf41f76df7aa7abb"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "zu-ni",
    "pattern": "〜ずに",
    "romaji": "zu ni",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "without doing",
    "formation": "Verb-nai stem + ずに",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "けさは朝ご飯を食べずに家を出た。",
        "furigana": "けさは{朝|あさ}ご{飯|はん}を{食|た}べずに{家|いえ}を{出|で}た。",
        "en": "This morning I left home without eating breakfast."
      },
      {
        "ja": "辞書を使わずに、この新聞記事が読めますか。",
        "furigana": "{辞書|じしょ}を{使|つか}わずに、この{新聞|しんぶん}{記事|きじ}が{読|よ}めますか。",
        "en": "Can you read this newspaper article without using a dictionary?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "彼は誰にも相談せずに、会社を辞めてしまった。",
        "furigana": "{彼|かれ}は{誰|だれ}にも{相談|そうだん}せずに、{会社|かいしゃ}を{辞|や}めてしまった。",
        "en": "He quit the company without consulting anyone."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "negation",
      "manner",
      "written"
    ],
    "notes": "More formal, written-style equivalent of 〜ないで. Irregular: する → せずに (not しずに), 来る → 来ずに (こずに).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "c1ba96f258eac8b1d76eb6774dddd9d2d00c3d2c9309a325785166d979595ab9",
      "meanings": [
        "不……而"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ない形去ない＋ずに",
      "explanation": "表示不做某动作而做另一动作。",
      "notes": "する变为せずに；来る变为来ずに（こずに）。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "けさは朝ご飯を食べずに家を出た。",
          "zh": "今天早上没吃早饭就出了门。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "辞書を使わずに、この新聞記事が読めますか。",
          "zh": "不查词典能读这篇新闻报道吗？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "彼は誰にも相談せずに、会社を辞めてしまった。",
          "zh": "他没有和任何人商量就辞掉了工作。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#zu-ni",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "877d09f1130998046d0160b0bea1e0aa5ed400c93301c406409fb5dd23fdd0c9"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "mama",
    "pattern": "〜まま",
    "romaji": "mama",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "as it is; unchanged; while still (in a state)",
    "formation": "Verb-ta / Verb-nai / i-Adj / na-Adj + な / Noun + の + まま",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "エアコンをつけたまま寝てしまい、風邪をひいた。",
        "furigana": "エアコンをつけたまま{寝|ね}てしまい、{風邪|かぜ}をひいた。",
        "en": "I fell asleep with the air conditioner on and caught a cold."
      },
      {
        "ja": "この町は、私が子どもだったころのままだ。",
        "furigana": "この{町|まち}は、{私|わたし}が{子|こ}どもだったころのままだ。",
        "en": "This town is just as it was when I was a child."
      },
      {
        "ja": "靴のまま部屋に入らないでください。",
        "furigana": "{靴|くつ}のまま{部屋|へや}に{入|はい}らないでください。",
        "en": "Please don't come into the room with your shoes on."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "state",
      "manner"
    ],
    "notes": "An expected change hasn't happened and the state continues. Often suggests something unusual or undesirable (leaving the lights on, shoes on indoors).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "4ae00069b71eb985e6d623bbc4cdac3995b1d0e665904f6317b12edeeb6629ea",
      "meanings": [
        "保持原样",
        "仍然"
      ],
      "formation": "动词た形／ない形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干＋な／名词＋の＋まま",
      "explanation": "表示状态保持不变。",
      "notes": "常用于描述本应改变的状态仍在持续。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "エアコンをつけたまま寝てしまい、風邪をひいた。",
          "zh": "开着空调睡着了，结果感冒了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "この町は、私が子どもだったころのままだ。",
          "zh": "这个城镇还是我小时候的样子。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "靴のまま部屋に入らないでください。",
          "zh": "请不要穿着鞋进房间。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#mama",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "7c9a04ebd92883c149933695d2034fe1eeaf841b1e3864697c12128a659f0db3"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "uchi-ni",
    "pattern": "〜うちに",
    "romaji": "uchi ni",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "while (before it changes); before it's too late; in the course of",
    "formation": "Verb-dict / Verb-te + いる / Verb-nai / i-Adj / na-Adj + な / Noun + の + うちに",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "若いうちに、いろいろな国を旅行したほうがいい。",
        "furigana": "{若|わか}いうちに、いろいろな{国|くに}を{旅行|りょこう}したほうがいい。",
        "en": "You should travel to lots of countries while you're young."
      },
      {
        "ja": "スープが冷めないうちに、どうぞ召し上がってください。",
        "furigana": "スープが{冷|さ}めないうちに、どうぞ{召|め}し{上|あ}がってください。",
        "en": "Please have your soup before it gets cold."
      },
      {
        "ja": "音楽を聞いているうちに、いつの間にか眠ってしまった。",
        "furigana": "{音楽|おんがく}を{聞|き}いているうちに、いつの{間|ま}にか{眠|ねむ}ってしまった。",
        "en": "While I was listening to music, I fell asleep before I knew it."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "time",
      "simultaneity"
    ],
    "notes": "Do something while a condition lasts, before it changes; or a change that happens unnoticed during an activity. Compare 〜間に, which marks a fixed period without that urgency.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "6c9122d1fe1b49ffbc78e17954423de4d7e3f66689cf30d158aad2d75819fae0",
      "meanings": [
        "趁着",
        "在……期间"
      ],
      "formation": "动词辞书形／ている形／ない形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干＋な／名词＋の＋うちに",
      "explanation": "表示趁状态尚未改变时行动，或在持续过程中发生变化。",
      "notes": "前者常带有时机可能消失的意味。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "若いうちに、いろいろな国を旅行したほうがいい。",
          "zh": "趁年轻最好去不同国家旅行。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "スープが冷めないうちに、どうぞ召し上がってください。",
          "zh": "请趁汤还没凉喝吧。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "音楽を聞いているうちに、いつの間にか眠ってしまった。",
          "zh": "听着音乐，不知不觉就睡着了。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#uchi-ni",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "99033871a69fc8fed6fa01882b294bfedc107bf25db4bbf9927e1070b8eaf6b6"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "tokoro-ni-tokoro-e-tokoro-o",
    "pattern": "〜ところに / 〜ところへ / 〜ところを",
    "romaji": "tokoro ni / tokoro e / tokoro o",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "just when; at the moment (someone arrives or something interrupts)",
    "formation": "Verb-dict / Verb-te + いる / Verb-ta + ところに / ところへ / ところを",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "出かけようとしているところに、友達から電話がかかってきた。",
        "furigana": "{出|で}かけようとしているところに、{友達|ともだち}から{電話|でんわ}がかかってきた。",
        "en": "Just as I was about to go out, a friend called."
      },
      {
        "ja": "みんなで君の話をしているところへ、ちょうど君が来た。",
        "furigana": "みんなで{君|きみ}の{話|はなし}をしているところへ、ちょうど{君|きみ}が{来|き}た。",
        "en": "Just as we were all talking about you, you showed up."
      },
      {
        "ja": "授業中にスマホを見ているところを、先生に見られてしまった。",
        "furigana": "{授業|じゅぎょう}{中|ちゅう}にスマホを{見|み}ているところを、{先生|せんせい}に{見|み}られてしまった。",
        "en": "The teacher caught me looking at my phone during class."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "time"
    ],
    "notes": "ところに/へ: something happens or someone arrives at that moment, often interrupting. ところを: the scene is the object of a verb like 見る, 見つかる, 助ける. Set phrase: お忙しいところを.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "9ef6332efcc51c66b7b711e6383a24c3c2b219f9f01a9a60465c3c91569e463b",
      "meanings": [
        "正当……时",
        "正在……的时候"
      ],
      "formation": "动词辞书形／ている形／た形＋ところに／へ／を",
      "explanation": "表示某时刻发生另一件事，或某情景成为后续动作的对象。",
      "notes": "ところを常接看到、发现等动词。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "出かけようとしているところに、友達から電話がかかってきた。",
          "zh": "正要出门时，朋友打来了电话。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "みんなで君の話をしているところへ、ちょうど君が来た。",
          "zh": "大家正在谈论你，你恰好就来了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "授業中にスマホを見ているところを、先生に見られてしまった。",
          "zh": "上课时看手机，被老师看见了。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#tokoro-ni-tokoro-e-tokoro-o",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "3be7870db49e96d3bc97ebfb3fd8f3d1ec00becffad03674cdb0a06a73dbacb8"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ba-hodo",
    "pattern": "〜ば〜ほど",
    "romaji": "ba ... hodo",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "the more ... the more",
    "formation": "Verb-ba + Verb-dict + ほど / i-Adj stem + ければ + i-Adj + ほど / na-Adj + なら + na-Adj + な + ほど",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "日本語は、勉強すればするほど面白くなる。",
        "furigana": "{日本語|にほんご}は、{勉強|べんきょう}すればするほど{面白|おもしろ}くなる。",
        "en": "The more you study Japanese, the more interesting it gets."
      },
      {
        "ja": "スマホの画面は大きければ大きいほど見やすいが、持ち歩くのは大変だ。",
        "furigana": "スマホの{画面|がめん}は{大|おお}きければ{大|おお}きいほど{見|み}やすいが、{持|も}ち{歩|ある}くのは{大変|たいへん}だ。",
        "en": "The bigger a phone screen, the easier it is to see, but it's a pain to carry around."
      },
      {
        "ja": "部屋が静かなら静かなほど、よく眠れる。",
        "furigana": "{部屋|へや}が{静|しず}かなら{静|しず}かなほど、よく{眠|ねむ}れる。",
        "en": "The quieter the room, the better I sleep."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "condition",
      "degree",
      "change"
    ],
    "notes": "The same word is repeated, first in the ば/なら form, then in plain form. The first part can be dropped: 考えるほど分からなくなる.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "4801fa900e9b629eb6884ba32157a20d063f3c3cb4415fb22fba23d7c83d4052",
      "meanings": [
        "越……越……"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ば形＋辞书形＋ほど／い形容词ければ形＋原形＋ほど／な形容词なら＋词干＋な＋ほど",
      "explanation": "表示一方程度变化时，另一方也随之变化。",
      "notes": "通常重复同一个词，也可省略前面的ば形。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "日本語は、勉強すればするほど面白くなる。",
          "zh": "日语越学越有意思。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "スマホの画面は大きければ大きいほど見やすいが、持ち歩くのは大変だ。",
          "zh": "手机屏幕越大越容易看，但携带也更麻烦。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "部屋が静かなら静かなほど、よく眠れる。",
          "zh": "房间越安静，就睡得越好。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#ba-hodo",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "54def3eb6a3055083680010e344b2937431cb306c8d3cdf49653955c526ee7e9"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "hodo",
    "pattern": "〜ほど",
    "romaji": "hodo",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "to the extent that; so ... that",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj + な / Noun + ほど",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "昨日は、立っていられないほど疲れていた。",
        "furigana": "{昨日|きのう}は、{立|た}っていられないほど{疲|つか}れていた。",
        "en": "Yesterday I was so tired I could hardly stand."
      },
      {
        "ja": "試験に合格したと聞いて、涙が出るほどうれしかった。",
        "furigana": "{試験|しけん}に{合格|ごうかく}したと{聞|き}いて、{涙|なみだ}が{出|で}るほどうれしかった。",
        "en": "When I heard I'd passed the exam, I was so happy I cried."
      },
      {
        "ja": "このあたりは、夜になると怖いほど静かだ。",
        "furigana": "このあたりは、{夜|よる}になると{怖|こわ}いほど{静|しず}かだ。",
        "en": "At night this area gets so quiet it's scary."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "degree"
    ],
    "notes": "Shows degree with an example or comparison. Often interchangeable with 〜くらい, but ほど sounds more formal and suits high degrees; it can't mark something as minimal.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "5c886b784e7b73b2e12933d766eefe52717a1692e6f19ce85eff283a4e81dd7a",
      "meanings": [
        "到……的程度"
      ],
      "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干＋な／名词＋ほど",
      "explanation": "通过事例说明程度。",
      "notes": "与くらい意思相近；ほど通常语气较正式。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "昨日は、立っていられないほど疲れていた。",
          "zh": "昨天累得连站都站不住了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "試験に合格したと聞いて、涙が出るほどうれしかった。",
          "zh": "听说通过考试后，高兴得眼泪都出来了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "このあたりは、夜になると怖いほど静かだ。",
          "zh": "这一带到了晚上安静得令人害怕。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#hodo",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "5ffa0bac834ad75a14bad90fdeeff82c1d9dfccbcbd22f8c2e032e34f7dc6e3f"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "kurai-gurai-extent",
    "pattern": "〜くらい / 〜ぐらい（extent）",
    "romaji": "kurai / gurai (extent)",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "to the extent that; so ... that; at least (something minimal)",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj + な / Noun + くらい",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "おなかが痛くて、歩けないくらいだった。",
        "furigana": "おなかが{痛|いた}くて、{歩|ある}けないくらいだった。",
        "en": "My stomach hurt so much I could barely walk."
      },
      {
        "ja": "隣の部屋の音楽がうるさくて、自分の声も聞こえないぐらいだ。",
        "furigana": "{隣|となり}の{部屋|へや}の{音楽|おんがく}がうるさくて、{自分|じぶん}の{声|こえ}も{聞|き}こえないぐらいだ。",
        "en": "The music next door is so loud I can't even hear my own voice."
      },
      {
        "ja": "自分の部屋ぐらい、自分で掃除しなさい。",
        "furigana": "{自分|じぶん}の{部屋|へや}ぐらい、{自分|じぶん}で{掃除|そうじ}しなさい。",
        "en": "At least clean your own room yourself."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "degree",
      "emphasis"
    ],
    "notes": "Like 〜ほど, shows degree. くらい can also mark something as small or easy ('at least; such a simple thing as'), a use ほど doesn't have.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "bef058a447709f78ae0e1b69bc0bc4f3af5fcc233ee1f1a2d58f4fe1b8fd9826",
      "meanings": [
        "到……的程度",
        "至少"
      ],
      "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干＋な／名词＋くらい／ぐらい",
      "explanation": "表示程度，也可指出最低限度。",
      "notes": "くらい可表示至少做到某事；ほど一般不用作此义。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "おなかが痛くて、歩けないくらいだった。",
          "zh": "肚子疼得几乎走不了路。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "隣の部屋の音楽がうるさくて、自分の声も聞こえないぐらいだ。",
          "zh": "隔壁房间的音乐吵得连自己的声音都听不见。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "自分の部屋ぐらい、自分で掃除しなさい。",
          "zh": "至少自己的房间自己打扫。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#kurai-gurai-extent",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "5b70331d371a69b568a4bc3af3c1f42f537b151767385d255154bbed24bdd5b2"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "sae",
    "pattern": "〜さえ",
    "romaji": "sae",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "even",
    "formation": "Noun + さえ / Noun + でさえ / Noun + にさえ",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "忙しくて、昼ご飯を食べる時間さえなかった。",
        "furigana": "{忙|いそが}しくて、{昼|ひる}ご{飯|はん}を{食|た}べる{時間|じかん}さえなかった。",
        "en": "I was so busy I didn't even have time to eat lunch."
      },
      {
        "ja": "こんな簡単な問題は、小学生でさえ解ける。",
        "furigana": "こんな{簡単|かんたん}な{問題|もんだい}は、{小学生|しょうがくせい}でさえ{解|と}ける。",
        "en": "Even an elementary school student could solve such an easy problem."
      },
      {
        "ja": "彼女は親友にさえ本当のことを話さなかった。",
        "furigana": "{彼女|かのじょ}は{親友|しんゆう}にさえ{本当|ほんとう}のことを{話|はな}さなかった。",
        "en": "She didn't tell the truth even to her best friend."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "emphasis"
    ],
    "notes": "Gives an extreme example, implying 'so naturally the others too'. More formal than 〜も or 〜でも in this sense. As a subject: 〜でさえ. Compare N1 〜すら.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "5d01d06e77fd6916966255499b220b9e2f0418857783a630a57421d11b5daebc",
      "meanings": [
        "连",
        "甚至"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋さえ／でさえ／にさえ",
      "explanation": "举出极端例子，暗示其他情况更不必说。",
      "notes": "でさえ可提示例举的主语。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "忙しくて、昼ご飯を食べる時間さえなかった。",
          "zh": "忙得连吃午饭的时间都没有。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "こんな簡単な問題は、小学生でさえ解ける。",
          "zh": "这么简单的问题连小学生都能解出来。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "彼女は親友にさえ本当のことを話さなかった。",
          "zh": "她连最好的朋友都没有告诉真相。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#sae",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "541debed281e053cfad2d32cd8b26e22d23eb89c0fcad10992df9c073c861835"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "sae-ba",
    "pattern": "〜さえ〜ば",
    "romaji": "sae ... ba",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "if only; as long as; provided that",
    "formation": "Noun + さえ + Verb-ba / Verb-stem + さえ + すれば / Verb-te + さえ + いれば",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "このアプリさえあれば、どこでも日本語の勉強ができる。",
        "furigana": "このアプリさえあれば、どこでも{日本語|にほんご}の{勉強|べんきょう}ができる。",
        "en": "As long as you have this app, you can study Japanese anywhere."
      },
      {
        "ja": "時間さえあれば、もっと旅行に行きたいんですが。",
        "furigana": "{時間|じかん}さえあれば、もっと{旅行|りょこう}に{行|い}きたいんですが。",
        "en": "If only I had the time, I'd love to travel more."
      },
      {
        "ja": "薬を飲んで寝てさえいれば、すぐに治りますよ。",
        "furigana": "{薬|くすり}を{飲|の}んで{寝|ね}てさえいれば、すぐに{治|なお}りますよ。",
        "en": "As long as you take your medicine and stay in bed, you'll be better in no time."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "condition",
      "emphasis"
    ],
    "notes": "Stresses that this one condition is enough by itself, or is the only thing missing.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "e5f5ad4d6702acc7fe0790d275afba57b07cfcdd03de11e129fc678e760b6b57",
      "meanings": [
        "只要",
        "只需"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋さえ＋动词ば形；动词ます形去ます＋さえすれば；动词て形＋さえいれば",
      "explanation": "强调满足这一条件就足够，或只缺少这一条件。",
      "notes": "也可表达难以实现的愿望。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "このアプリさえあれば、どこでも日本語の勉強ができる。",
          "zh": "只要有这个应用，就能在任何地方学习日语。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "時間さえあれば、もっと旅行に行きたいんですが。",
          "zh": "要是有时间，我真想多去旅行。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "薬を飲んで寝てさえいれば、すぐに治りますよ。",
          "zh": "只要吃药并躺着休息，很快就会好起来的。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#sae-ba",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "84d90416c68c20eed3c0378ae7c160f0b0447efa7c1fa0bae92d24422cdce0a6"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "koso",
    "pattern": "〜こそ",
    "romaji": "koso",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "precisely; it is ... that; (strong emphasis)",
    "formation": "Noun + こそ",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "「いつもありがとう。」「いえ、こちらこそ。」",
        "en": "'Thanks for everything.' 'No, thank you!'"
      },
      {
        "ja": "今年こそ、たばこをやめるつもりだ。",
        "furigana": "{今年|ことし}こそ、たばこをやめるつもりだ。",
        "en": "This year, for sure, I'm going to quit smoking."
      },
      {
        "ja": "毎日の小さな努力こそが、大きな成功につながる。",
        "furigana": "{毎日|まいにち}の{小|ちい}さな{努力|どりょく}こそが、{大|おお}きな{成功|せいこう}につながる。",
        "en": "It's precisely small daily efforts that lead to great success."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "emphasis"
    ],
    "notes": "Singles out one thing as the very one that matters. こちらこそ is a set reply: 'the thanks/pleasure is mine'. Related N2 forms: 〜からこそ, 〜てこそ.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "14c1c1175d474d07e91e1f64a0bb04fef44b0afa706391ec2ebfed25679f5aef",
      "meanings": [
        "正是",
        "才"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋こそ",
      "explanation": "突出特别重要的对象。",
      "notes": "こちらこそ是固定应答，表示“我才要感谢你”等。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "「いつもありがとう。」「いえ、こちらこそ。」",
          "zh": "“一直以来谢谢你。”“哪里，我才要谢谢你。”"
        },
        {
          "ja": "今年こそ、たばこをやめるつもりだ。",
          "zh": "今年我一定要戒烟。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "毎日の小さな努力こそが、大きな成功につながる。",
          "zh": "正是每天一点一滴的努力带来巨大的成功。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#koso",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "f8a620bc87c16f9faa7aa7dee766bd0fc3104b72df5ce9a72ef97a3220847d22"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "to-shite",
    "pattern": "〜として",
    "romaji": "to shite",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "as; in the role or capacity of",
    "formation": "Noun + として / Noun + としての + Noun",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "兄は、エンジニアとしてアメリカの会社で働いている。",
        "furigana": "{兄|あに}は、エンジニアとしてアメリカの{会社|かいしゃ}で{働|はたら}いている。",
        "en": "My older brother works as an engineer at an American company."
      },
      {
        "ja": "この町は、温泉地として有名です。",
        "furigana": "この{町|まち}は、{温泉|おんせん}{地|ち}として{有名|ゆうめい}です。",
        "en": "This town is famous as a hot-spring resort."
      },
      {
        "ja": "社会人としての責任を持って行動してください。",
        "furigana": "{社会|しゃかい}{人|じん}としての{責任|せきにん}を{持|も}って{行動|こうどう}してください。",
        "en": "Please act with the responsibility expected of a working adult."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "standpoint",
      "relation"
    ],
    "notes": "States a role, status or category. Compare 〜にとって, which states from whose point of view a judgment is made.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "9374806634110a17187fe0e171c1f56ed1577bd48321296bdf2fdb8b6059595c",
      "meanings": [
        "作为",
        "以……身份"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋として；名词＋としての＋名词",
      "explanation": "表示身份、角色或类别。",
      "notes": "にとって侧重评价的立场。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "兄は、エンジニアとしてアメリカの会社で働いている。",
          "zh": "哥哥作为工程师在一家美国公司工作。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "この町は、温泉地として有名です。",
          "zh": "这个小镇作为温泉胜地很有名。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "社会人としての責任を持って行動してください。",
          "zh": "请以社会人士应有的责任感行事。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#to-shite",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "67a3cb3dd21b14f8f98b79c3565798206359118734c07752ee804b9c335a9edb"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ni-totte",
    "pattern": "〜にとって",
    "romaji": "ni totte",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "for; to (from the standpoint of)",
    "formation": "Noun + にとって / Noun + にとっての + Noun",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "私にとって、家族は何よりも大切なものです。",
        "furigana": "{私|わたし}にとって、{家族|かぞく}は{何|なに}よりも{大切|たいせつ}なものです。",
        "en": "To me, family is more important than anything."
      },
      {
        "ja": "このあたりの坂道は、お年寄りにとってはかなり大変だ。",
        "furigana": "このあたりの{坂道|さかみち}は、お{年寄|としよ}りにとってはかなり{大変|たいへん}だ。",
        "en": "The slopes around here are quite tough for elderly people."
      },
      {
        "ja": "留学は、彼にとっていい経験になったようだ。",
        "furigana": "{留学|りゅうがく}は、{彼|かれ}にとっていい{経験|けいけん}になったようだ。",
        "en": "Studying abroad seems to have been a good experience for him."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "standpoint"
    ],
    "notes": "Followed by an evaluation (大切だ, 難しい, 便利だ). Not for actions or attitudes toward someone; use 〜に対して for those.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "1b1249c47bcf7ac7eefcf9d6511aca66eaff6761d555ef3c69553dc51bd79a8b",
      "meanings": [
        "对……来说"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋にとって；名词＋にとっての＋名词",
      "explanation": "表示评价所依据的人的立场。",
      "notes": "后面常接重要、困难、方便等评价；表示针对某人的行动或态度时用に対して。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "私にとって、家族は何よりも大切なものです。",
          "zh": "对我来说，家人比什么都重要。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "このあたりの坂道は、お年寄りにとってはかなり大変だ。",
          "zh": "这一带的坡路对老人来说相当吃力。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "留学は、彼にとっていい経験になったようだ。",
          "zh": "留学对他来说似乎是一次很好的经历。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#ni-totte",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "d01c85c0b2cf791403caf0fd85739bcf9c0b80ef7889a716f8bcbc8d47d15d33"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ni-shite-wa",
    "pattern": "〜にしては",
    "romaji": "ni shite wa",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "for (considering it's); unexpectedly for",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / Noun + にしては",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "初めて作ったにしては、このケーキはよくできている。",
        "furigana": "{初|はじ}めて{作|つく}ったにしては、このケーキはよくできている。",
        "en": "For a first attempt, this cake turned out really well."
      },
      {
        "ja": "彼は小学生にしては、ずいぶん難しい言葉を知っている。",
        "furigana": "{彼|かれ}は{小学生|しょうがくせい}にしては、ずいぶん{難|むずか}しい{言葉|ことば}を{知|し}っている。",
        "en": "For an elementary school kid, he knows some pretty difficult words."
      },
      {
        "ja": "十月にしては、今日はずいぶん暑いね。",
        "furigana": "{十月|じゅうがつ}にしては、{今日|きょう}はずいぶん{暑|あつ}いね。",
        "en": "It's pretty hot today for October."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "contrast",
      "concession"
    ],
    "notes": "The result is different from what you'd expect of X. Doesn't follow adjectives; compare 〜わりに, which can and focuses on degree (price, age, effort).",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "d15b86ef43f9e089c6439489966a86d8663c3b108c5c7b707c3d9cb5e7658bb0",
      "meanings": [
        "就……而言却",
        "按……来说"
      ],
      "formation": "动词普通形／名词＋にしては",
      "explanation": "实际情况与根据前项产生的预期不一致。",
      "notes": "一般不直接接形容词；わりに也可接形容词。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "初めて作ったにしては、このケーキはよくできている。",
          "zh": "作为第一次做的蛋糕，这个做得很好。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "彼は小学生にしては、ずいぶん難しい言葉を知っている。",
          "zh": "他作为小学生，知道的难词还真不少。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "十月にしては、今日はずいぶん暑いね。",
          "zh": "都十月了，今天还真热啊。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#ni-shite-wa",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "95d26dbdad26e2629b8eaa3407dd245f8ed11ae0816af761b26024e318c17fec"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ni-shite-mo",
    "pattern": "〜にしても",
    "romaji": "ni shite mo",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "even if; even considering; granted that",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / Noun + にしても",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "忙しかったにしても、電話一本ぐらいできたでしょう。",
        "furigana": "{忙|いそが}しかったにしても、{電話|でんわ}{一本|いっぽん}ぐらいできたでしょう。",
        "en": "Even if you were busy, you could at least have made one phone call."
      },
      {
        "ja": "冗談にしても、そんな言い方はひどいよ。",
        "furigana": "{冗談|じょうだん}にしても、そんな{言|い}い{方|かた}はひどいよ。",
        "en": "Even if it was a joke, that was a terrible thing to say."
      },
      {
        "ja": "引っ越すにしても、来年の春以降になると思います。",
        "furigana": "{引|ひ}っ{越|こ}すにしても、{来年|らいねん}の{春|はる}{以降|いこう}になると{思|おも}います。",
        "en": "Even if we do move, I think it'll be after next spring."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "concession"
    ],
    "notes": "Accepts a point, then says it doesn't change the speaker's view. Often accepts a fact; compare 〜としても, which is more purely hypothetical.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "f000f6289db809e862799c62e16659ed56c80b1e8e989018dc449b79ef4e5ba8",
      "meanings": [
        "即使",
        "就算"
      ],
      "formation": "动词、い形容词普通形／な形容词词干／名词＋にしても",
      "explanation": "即使承认或假设前项，后项的判断也不变。",
      "notes": "可用于已经发生的事实，也可用于假设。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "忙しかったにしても、電話一本ぐらいできたでしょう。",
          "zh": "即使你当时很忙，至少也能打个电话吧。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "冗談にしても、そんな言い方はひどいよ。",
          "zh": "即使是开玩笑，那样说也太过分了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "引っ越すにしても、来年の春以降になると思います。",
          "zh": "即使要搬家，我想也会在明年春天以后。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#ni-shite-mo",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "15b1149b7b2b7add6a61ab37e549264f94201dabcbb4b2dc42d87637ebd0e218"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ni-kanshite-ni-kansuru",
    "pattern": "〜に関して / 〜に関する",
    "reading": "〜にかんして / 〜にかんする",
    "romaji": "ni kanshite / ni kansuru",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "regarding; concerning; related to",
    "formation": "Noun + に関して / Noun + に関する + Noun",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "新しいサービスに関してご質問がある方は、受付までどうぞ。",
        "furigana": "{新|あたら}しいサービスに{関|かん}してご{質問|しつもん}がある{方|かた}は、{受付|うけつけ}までどうぞ。",
        "en": "Anyone with questions regarding the new service, please come to the reception desk."
      },
      {
        "ja": "彼は日本の歴史に関する本をたくさん持っている。",
        "furigana": "{彼|かれ}は{日本|にほん}の{歴史|れきし}に{関|かん}する{本|ほん}をたくさん{持|も}っている。",
        "en": "He owns a lot of books on Japanese history."
      },
      {
        "ja": "事故の原因に関しては、現在調査中です。",
        "furigana": "{事故|じこ}の{原因|げんいん}に{関|かん}しては、{現在|げんざい}{調査|ちょうさ}{中|ちゅう}です。",
        "en": "The cause of the accident is currently under investigation."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "topic",
      "formal"
    ],
    "notes": "More formal than 〜について; common in business, news and writing. Before a noun, use に関する (or に関しての).",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "9e3416de9fc0c89a79d0b519b64482c3075852bdb5510bdcc09faee7f6e2b291",
      "meanings": [
        "关于",
        "有关"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋に関して；名词＋に関する＋名词",
      "explanation": "表示谈论或涉及的主题。",
      "notes": "比について正式，修饰名词也可用に関しての。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "新しいサービスに関してご質問がある方は、受付までどうぞ。",
          "zh": "对新服务有疑问的各位请到接待处咨询。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "彼は日本の歴史に関する本をたくさん持っている。",
          "zh": "他有很多关于日本历史的书。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "事故の原因に関しては、現在調査中です。",
          "zh": "关于事故原因，目前正在调查中。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#ni-kanshite-ni-kansuru",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "e8197ba32f17185e66435d79869cffe249114ef390be50e5a65d1adbfab02c44"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ni-kurabete",
    "pattern": "〜に比べて",
    "reading": "〜にくらべて",
    "romaji": "ni kurabete",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "compared to; in comparison with",
    "formation": "Noun + に比べて / Verb-dict + のに比べて",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "今年の夏は、去年に比べてずいぶん涼しい。",
        "furigana": "{今年|ことし}の{夏|なつ}は、{去年|きょねん}に{比|くら}べてずいぶん{涼|すず}しい。",
        "en": "This summer is much cooler compared to last year."
      },
      {
        "ja": "都会に比べて、田舎は家賃が安い。",
        "furigana": "{都会|とかい}に{比|くら}べて、{田舎|いなか}は{家賃|やちん}が{安|やす}い。",
        "en": "Compared to the city, rent in the countryside is cheap."
      },
      {
        "ja": "電車で行くのに比べて、車で行くと三十分ほど長くかかる。",
        "furigana": "{電車|でんしゃ}で{行|い}くのに{比|くら}べて、{車|くるま}で{行|い}くと{三十分|さんじゅっぷん}ほど{長|なが}くかかる。",
        "en": "Compared to going by train, driving takes about thirty minutes longer."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "comparison"
    ],
    "notes": "Also 〜と比べて, 〜に比べると and 〜に比べれば. Sets two things side by side more explicitly than 〜より.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "743fb7f06470b0f7dba9da0fccff61440572c83aef7b4f18cf91cef7792e3ba3",
      "meanings": [
        "与……相比"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋に比べて；动词辞书形＋のに比べて",
      "explanation": "以某事物为参照进行比较。",
      "notes": "也可说と比べて、に比べると。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "今年の夏は、去年に比べてずいぶん涼しい。",
          "zh": "今年夏天比去年凉快多了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "都会に比べて、田舎は家賃が安い。",
          "zh": "与城市相比，乡下的房租便宜。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "電車で行くのに比べて、車で行くと三十分ほど長くかかる。",
          "zh": "与坐电车相比，开车要多花大约三十分钟。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#ni-kurabete",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "32af870da8d272fb901561a4354ecca0096ac90c34d08ec1694354e4f7267bf0"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ni-kawatte",
    "pattern": "〜に代わって",
    "reading": "〜にかわって",
    "romaji": "ni kawatte",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "instead of; on behalf of; replacing",
    "formation": "Noun + に代わって / Noun + に代わり",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "入院中の社長に代わって、副社長があいさつをした。",
        "furigana": "{入院|にゅういん}{中|ちゅう}の{社長|しゃちょう}に{代|か}わって、{副|ふく}{社長|しゃちょう}があいさつをした。",
        "en": "The vice president gave the speech on behalf of the president, who is in hospital."
      },
      {
        "ja": "最近は、紙の新聞に代わって、スマホでニュースを読む人が増えている。",
        "furigana": "{最近|さいきん}は、{紙|かみ}の{新聞|しんぶん}に{代|か}わって、スマホでニュースを{読|よ}む{人|ひと}が{増|ふ}えている。",
        "en": "More and more people these days read the news on their phones instead of in paper newspapers."
      },
      {
        "ja": "父に代わって、私が町内会の会議に出席しました。",
        "furigana": "{父|ちち}に{代|か}わって、{私|わたし}が{町内|ちょうない}{会|かい}の{会議|かいぎ}に{出席|しゅっせき}しました。",
        "en": "I attended the neighborhood association meeting in place of my father."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "relation",
      "change"
    ],
    "notes": "Someone acts for another person, or something new replaces something old. Written form: 〜に代わり. Compare 〜代わりに (instead of doing; in exchange for).",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "8be6a37732f5459e75b705c2cd4c01c7c9c58f4eeced5db883888508081701ca",
      "meanings": [
        "代替",
        "代表"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋に代わって／に代わり",
      "explanation": "表示代替某人行动，或新事物取代旧事物。",
      "notes": "に代わり较书面；代わりに还有交换、补偿之意。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "入院中の社長に代わって、副社長があいさつをした。",
          "zh": "副社长代替住院的社长致辞。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "最近は、紙の新聞に代わって、スマホでニュースを読む人が増えている。",
          "zh": "近来用手机而不是纸质报纸读新闻的人越来越多。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "父に代わって、私が町内会の会議に出席しました。",
          "zh": "我代替父亲出席了街区自治会的会议。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#ni-kawatte",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "1ec6f1d11cb44686c86e83c5dcaf70c455b04f65a6049b5b0b81b48d4d36c4ca"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "kawari-ni",
    "pattern": "〜代わりに",
    "reading": "〜かわりに",
    "romaji": "kawari ni",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "instead of; in exchange for; to make up for",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj + な / Noun + の + 代わりに",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "今日は外で食べる代わりに、家でカレーを作った。",
        "furigana": "{今日|きょう}は{外|そと}で{食|た}べる{代|か}わりに、{家|いえ}でカレーを{作|つく}った。",
        "en": "Instead of eating out today, I made curry at home."
      },
      {
        "ja": "友達に英語を教える代わりに、ギターを教えてもらっている。",
        "furigana": "{友達|ともだち}に{英語|えいご}を{教|おし}える{代|か}わりに、ギターを{教|おし}えてもらっている。",
        "en": "In exchange for teaching my friend English, I'm getting guitar lessons."
      },
      {
        "ja": "このアパートは駅から遠い代わりに、家賃が安い。",
        "furigana": "このアパートは{駅|えき}から{遠|とお}い{代|か}わりに、{家賃|やちん}が{安|やす}い。",
        "en": "This apartment is far from the station, but to make up for it, the rent is cheap."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "contrast",
      "relation"
    ],
    "notes": "Three uses: substitution (instead of), exchange (in return for), and compensation (a downside balanced by an upside).",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "7f0bc9da8a3e4dca70e67453c00c8b504fde05a4079f8c41b18f327fcc27cb5e",
      "meanings": [
        "代替",
        "作为交换",
        "作为补偿"
      ],
      "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词／な形容词＋な／名词＋の＋代わりに",
      "explanation": "表示替代、交换，或一方面的缺点由另一方面补偿。",
      "notes": "根据上下文区分三种用法。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "今日は外で食べる代わりに、家でカレーを作った。",
          "zh": "今天没有在外面吃，而是在家做了咖喱。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "友達に英語を教える代わりに、ギターを教えてもらっている。",
          "zh": "我教朋友英语，作为交换，他教我弹吉他。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "このアパートは駅から遠い代わりに、家賃が安い。",
          "zh": "这间公寓离车站远，不过房租便宜。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#kawari-ni",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "1e1fe02f3ec0912c0b1140e3fea9dff229fdae2dbf1944cf5b57d094c108e554"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ni-shitagatte",
    "pattern": "〜に従って",
    "reading": "〜にしたがって",
    "romaji": "ni shitagatte",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "in accordance with; following; as ... (so ...)",
    "formation": "Noun + に従って / Verb-dict + に従って",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "係の人の指示に従って、落ち着いて避難してください。",
        "furigana": "{係|かかり}の{人|ひと}の{指示|しじ}に{従|したが}って、{落|お}ち{着|つ}いて{避難|ひなん}してください。",
        "en": "Please evacuate calmly, following the staff's instructions."
      },
      {
        "ja": "高く登るに従って、気温が下がっていった。",
        "furigana": "{高|たか}く{登|のぼ}るに{従|したが}って、{気温|きおん}が{下|さ}がっていった。",
        "en": "The higher we climbed, the lower the temperature dropped."
      },
      {
        "ja": "町が大きくなるに従って、交通の問題も増えてきた。",
        "furigana": "{町|まち}が{大|おお}きくなるに{従|したが}って、{交通|こうつう}の{問題|もんだい}も{増|ふ}えてきた。",
        "en": "As the town grew, traffic problems increased too."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "relation",
      "change"
    ],
    "notes": "With nouns such as rules or instructions: 'following, obeying'. With Verb-dict: proportional change like 〜につれて, in a more formal tone.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "2ea0e8db66910763a97a0d4d7bdc145c05be3dc35fee44c26840181833ce920e",
      "meanings": [
        "按照",
        "随着"
      ],
      "formation": "名词／动词辞书形＋に従って",
      "explanation": "接规则、指示等表示遵循；接变化动词表示随之变化。",
      "notes": "表示伴随变化时语气较正式。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "係の人の指示に従って、落ち着いて避難してください。",
          "zh": "请按照工作人员的指示，冷静避难。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "高く登るに従って、気温が下がっていった。",
          "zh": "随着越爬越高，气温渐渐下降。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "町が大きくなるに従って、交通の問題も増えてきた。",
          "zh": "随着城镇扩大，交通问题也增加了。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#ni-shitagatte",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "f69110f26f93a4eba25218dc19277c7632d2561ad7dbc3529c54b70309b57591"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ni-tsurete",
    "pattern": "〜につれて",
    "romaji": "ni tsurete",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "as (one thing changes, another changes too)",
    "formation": "Verb-dict / Noun + につれて",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "年をとるにつれて、朝早く目が覚めるようになった。",
        "furigana": "{年|とし}をとるにつれて、{朝|あさ}{早|はや}く{目|め}が{覚|さ}めるようになった。",
        "en": "As I've gotten older, I've started waking up early in the morning."
      },
      {
        "ja": "日本での生活に慣れるにつれて、友達も増えていった。",
        "furigana": "{日本|にほん}での{生活|せいかつ}に{慣|な}れるにつれて、{友達|ともだち}も{増|ふ}えていった。",
        "en": "As I got used to life in Japan, I made more and more friends."
      },
      {
        "ja": "時間がたつにつれて、その事故のことは忘れられていった。",
        "furigana": "{時間|じかん}がたつにつれて、その{事故|じこ}のことは{忘|わす}れられていった。",
        "en": "As time passed, the accident was gradually forgotten."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "change",
      "relation"
    ],
    "notes": "Both halves describe gradual change. The main clause can't be a request or the speaker's intention. Close to 〜に従って and 〜とともに.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "dd1401c0c8f1d377b11a3166c82cf823758b5ea278e3859803682ad458a0498b",
      "meanings": [
        "随着"
      ],
      "formation": "动词辞书形／名词＋につれて",
      "explanation": "一方面逐渐变化时，另一方面也随之变化。",
      "notes": "后句通常不能是请求或说话人的意志。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "年をとるにつれて、朝早く目が覚めるようになった。",
          "zh": "随着年龄增长，我开始早上很早就醒来。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "日本での生活に慣れるにつれて、友達も増えていった。",
          "zh": "随着逐渐习惯日本的生活，我的朋友也越来越多。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "時間がたつにつれて、その事故のことは忘れられていった。",
          "zh": "随着时间流逝，那场事故渐渐被人们遗忘了。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#ni-tsurete",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "f1251e93eb443e32628d9e0ff2d6990e30dd0b6bc1d3d553139ac00fe0bc62ad"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "to-tomo-ni",
    "pattern": "〜とともに",
    "romaji": "to tomo ni",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "together with; along with; as; at the same time as",
    "formation": "Noun + とともに / Verb-dict + とともに",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "社長は、社員とともに新しい工場の完成を喜んだ。",
        "furigana": "{社長|しゃちょう}は、{社員|しゃいん}とともに{新|あたら}しい{工場|こうじょう}の{完成|かんせい}を{喜|よろこ}んだ。",
        "en": "The company president celebrated the completion of the new factory together with the staff."
      },
      {
        "ja": "経済の発展とともに、人々の生活も大きく変わった。",
        "furigana": "{経済|けいざい}の{発展|はってん}とともに、{人々|ひとびと}の{生活|せいかつ}も{大|おお}きく{変|か}わった。",
        "en": "Along with economic development, people's lives changed greatly too."
      },
      {
        "ja": "ベルが鳴るとともに、学生たちは教室を飛び出した。",
        "furigana": "ベルが{鳴|な}るとともに、{学生|がくせい}たちは{教室|きょうしつ}を{飛|と}び{出|だ}した。",
        "en": "The moment the bell rang, the students rushed out of the classroom."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "simultaneity",
      "change",
      "formal"
    ],
    "notes": "Formal version of 〜と一緒に. Also marks events happening at the same moment, or proportional change like 〜につれて.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "d3843c756c376a8a299c8527ee1884c4d5468b6209c08f5c0e5caa682226f670",
      "meanings": [
        "与……一起",
        "随着",
        "同时"
      ],
      "formation": "名词／动词辞书形＋とともに",
      "explanation": "表示共同、伴随变化或同时发生。",
      "notes": "较正式；可根据语境译为“一起”“随着”或“同时”。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "社長は、社員とともに新しい工場の完成を喜んだ。",
          "zh": "社长与员工一起为新工厂落成而高兴。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "経済の発展とともに、人々の生活も大きく変わった。",
          "zh": "随着经济发展，人们的生活也发生了很大变化。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "ベルが鳴るとともに、学生たちは教室を飛び出した。",
          "zh": "铃声一响，学生们就冲出了教室。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#to-tomo-ni",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "87689d84746d9d9b9eaf4b36e445f2e64f2ffa353f48d35a9dd3912fc73ea67e"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "tabi-ni",
    "pattern": "〜たびに",
    "romaji": "tabi ni",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "every time; whenever",
    "formation": "Verb-dict / Noun + の + たびに",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "この写真を見るたびに、大学時代を思い出す。",
        "furigana": "この{写真|しゃしん}を{見|み}るたびに、{大学|だいがく}{時代|じだい}を{思|おも}い{出|だ}す。",
        "en": "Every time I look at this photo, I remember my university days."
      },
      {
        "ja": "姉は出張のたびに、お土産を買ってきてくれる。",
        "furigana": "{姉|あね}は{出張|しゅっちょう}のたびに、お{土産|みやげ}を{買|か}ってきてくれる。",
        "en": "My older sister brings me a souvenir every time she goes on a business trip."
      },
      {
        "ja": "この川は、大雨が降るたびにあふれて、道が通れなくなる。",
        "furigana": "この{川|かわ}は、{大雨|おおあめ}が{降|ふ}るたびにあふれて、{道|みち}が{通|とお}れなくなる。",
        "en": "Every time there's heavy rain, this river overflows and the road becomes impassable."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "time",
      "tendency"
    ],
    "notes": "Each time A happens, B happens too. More emphatic than 〜と or 〜ときはいつも.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "1bee0de1c01eff54d79a8ddbc5332e53dc0b15f0bf2a325eb11c01965306a29f",
      "meanings": [
        "每当",
        "每次"
      ],
      "formation": "动词辞书形／名词＋の＋たびに",
      "explanation": "每次发生前项时，后项也发生。",
      "notes": "强调反复发生。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "この写真を見るたびに、大学時代を思い出す。",
          "zh": "每次看到这张照片，我都会想起大学时代。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "姉は出張のたびに、お土産を買ってきてくれる。",
          "zh": "姐姐每次出差都会给我带礼物回来。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "この川は、大雨が降るたびにあふれて、道が通れなくなる。",
          "zh": "这条河每逢大雨就泛滥，道路便无法通行。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#tabi-ni",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "e233350a3ecdeb56d105b2b27c4b914ae5446d67209e3c3674daa9174440cd21"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "goto-ni",
    "pattern": "〜ごとに",
    "romaji": "goto ni",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "every; each; at intervals of",
    "formation": "Noun + ごとに / Verb-dict + ごとに",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "このバスは十五分ごとに出ています。",
        "furigana": "このバスは{十|じゅう}{五|ご}{分|ふん}ごとに{出|で}ています。",
        "en": "This bus leaves every fifteen minutes."
      },
      {
        "ja": "季節ごとに、店の飾りが変わる。",
        "furigana": "{季節|きせつ}ごとに、{店|みせ}の{飾|かざ}りが{変|か}わる。",
        "en": "The shop's decorations change with each season."
      },
      {
        "ja": "一回使うごとにポイントがたまるカードです。",
        "furigana": "{一回|いっかい}{使|つか}うごとにポイントがたまるカードです。",
        "en": "It's a card that earns you points every time you use it."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "time",
      "quantity"
    ],
    "notes": "Regular repetition, or each unit in turn. With Verb-dict it's close to 〜たびに. Careful: 一日ごとに = every day, but 一日おきに (N4) = every other day.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "b263a21e8d75a11b420773bd0bfb678b1dcc8205a5daa48b2a31721d47384302",
      "meanings": [
        "每",
        "每隔"
      ],
      "formation": "名词／动词辞书形＋ごとに",
      "explanation": "表示按固定间隔重复，或逐一按单位进行。",
      "notes": "一日ごとに指每一天；一日おきに指隔一天。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "このバスは十五分ごとに出ています。",
          "zh": "这趟公交车每十五分钟一班。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "季節ごとに、店の飾りが変わる。",
          "zh": "店里的装饰每个季节都会变化。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "一回使うごとにポイントがたまるカードです。",
          "zh": "这张卡每使用一次就能累积积分。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#goto-ni",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "47d18862731da77448969768f6ff259c6e8b3efff37ea867b4d908199b8caef7"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "saichuu-ni",
    "pattern": "〜最中に",
    "reading": "〜さいちゅうに",
    "romaji": "saichuu ni",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "right in the middle of; while (busy with)",
    "formation": "Verb-te + いる / Noun + の + 最中に",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "大事な会議の最中に、携帯電話が鳴ってしまった。",
        "furigana": "{大事|だいじ}な{会議|かいぎ}の{最中|さいちゅう}に、{携帯|けいたい}{電話|でんわ}が{鳴|な}ってしまった。",
        "en": "My cell phone went off right in the middle of an important meeting."
      },
      {
        "ja": "料理をしている最中に、停電になった。",
        "furigana": "{料理|りょうり}をしている{最中|さいちゅう}に、{停電|ていでん}になった。",
        "en": "The power went out right in the middle of my cooking."
      },
      {
        "ja": "今、試験の最中だから、廊下では静かにしてください。",
        "furigana": "{今|いま}、{試験|しけん}の{最中|さいちゅう}だから、{廊下|ろうか}では{静|しず}かにしてください。",
        "en": "An exam is in progress right now, so please be quiet in the hallway."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "time",
      "simultaneity"
    ],
    "notes": "Stresses the height of an activity, usually when something unexpected interrupts it. Stronger than 〜中に or 〜ている間に. Also 〜最中だ.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "c7c0a3bc933c73418a8b50396de58a1ebc1b01255769eefc295d5d26365f23bb",
      "meanings": [
        "正在……的时候"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ている形／名词＋の＋最中に",
      "explanation": "强调正处于某活动的过程中，常有意外打断。",
      "notes": "也可用最中だ表示正处其中。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "大事な会議の最中に、携帯電話が鳴ってしまった。",
          "zh": "在重要会议进行时，手机响了起来。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "料理をしている最中に、停電になった。",
          "zh": "正在做饭的时候停电了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "今、試験の最中だから、廊下では静かにしてください。",
          "zh": "现在正在考试，请在走廊里保持安静。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#saichuu-ni",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "47886397c384d98fd3571b6a54e3b3c7b90cf32c4fb4e61f992c83db39dac8c7"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "tsuide-ni",
    "pattern": "〜ついでに",
    "romaji": "tsuide ni",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "while (at it); on the occasion of; since one is doing it anyway",
    "formation": "Verb-dict / Verb-ta / Noun + の + ついでに",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "郵便局へ行くついでに、この手紙も出してきてくれる？",
        "furigana": "{郵便|ゆうびん}{局|きょく}へ{行|い}くついでに、この{手紙|てがみ}も{出|だ}してきてくれる？",
        "en": "Since you're going to the post office, could you mail this letter too?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "京都へ出張したついでに、昔の友達に会ってきた。",
        "furigana": "{京都|きょうと}へ{出張|しゅっちょう}したついでに、{昔|むかし}の{友達|ともだち}に{会|あ}ってきた。",
        "en": "While I was on a business trip to Kyoto, I took the chance to see an old friend."
      },
      {
        "ja": "買い物のついでに、図書館に本を返した。",
        "furigana": "{買|か}い{物|もの}のついでに、{図書館|としょかん}に{本|ほん}を{返|かえ}した。",
        "en": "I returned some books to the library while I was out shopping."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "simultaneity",
      "addition"
    ],
    "notes": "The main action happens anyway; the second is added because it's convenient. Compare N1 〜がてら.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "962c60c804d1a1a8e1831e8e79953189c9b8d41acfca1fa65e55133458ef6f18",
      "meanings": [
        "顺便",
        "借……之便"
      ],
      "formation": "动词辞书形／た形／名词＋の＋ついでに",
      "explanation": "利用原本要做某事的机会，顺便做另一件事。",
      "notes": "后项是顺带做的事情。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "郵便局へ行くついでに、この手紙も出してきてくれる？",
          "zh": "你去邮局的时候，能顺便帮我把这封信寄了吗？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "京都へ出張したついでに、昔の友達に会ってきた。",
          "zh": "去京都出差时，我顺便去见了老朋友。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "買い物のついでに、図書館に本を返した。",
          "zh": "买东西时顺便去图书馆还了书。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#tsuide-ni",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "0103fbb89aaef741efbc1e8aacb8601487f3785cf6db547d56b69746a27f0613"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "okage-de",
    "pattern": "〜おかげで",
    "romaji": "okage de",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "thanks to; because of (good result)",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj + な / Noun + の + おかげで",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "先輩が手伝ってくれたおかげで、仕事が早く終わった。",
        "furigana": "{先輩|せんぱい}が{手伝|てつだ}ってくれたおかげで、{仕事|しごと}が{早|はや}く{終|お}わった。",
        "en": "Thanks to my senior colleague's help, the work was finished early."
      },
      {
        "ja": "薬が効いたおかげで、熱が下がった。",
        "furigana": "{薬|くすり}が{効|き}いたおかげで、{熱|ねつ}が{下|さ}がった。",
        "en": "Thanks to the medicine, my fever went down."
      },
      {
        "ja": "駅が近いおかげで、雨の日も楽に通勤できる。",
        "furigana": "{駅|えき}が{近|ちか}いおかげで、{雨|あめ}の{日|ひ}も{楽|らく}に{通勤|つうきん}できる。",
        "en": "Because the station is close by, commuting is easy even on rainy days."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "reason",
      "result",
      "emotion"
    ],
    "notes": "Cause of a good result, with a feeling of gratitude. Sometimes used sarcastically for a bad result (君のおかげで遅刻したよ). Compare 〜せいで (blame).",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "3f2f77aad28e3f53f5866de2a8f55eee011e2e734166b9554929710b338546db",
      "meanings": [
        "多亏",
        "幸亏"
      ],
      "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词／な形容词＋な／名词＋の＋おかげで",
      "explanation": "表示某原因带来好结果，常含感谢之意。",
      "notes": "也可反讽地用于坏结果；せいで通常表示归咎。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "先輩が手伝ってくれたおかげで、仕事が早く終わった。",
          "zh": "多亏前辈帮忙，工作提前完成了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "薬が効いたおかげで、熱が下がった。",
          "zh": "多亏药起了作用，烧退了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "駅が近いおかげで、雨の日も楽に通勤できる。",
          "zh": "多亏车站近，下雨天通勤也很方便。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#okage-de",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "7d1e8eb20d0b288da1218788567a81065081baabeb0852541f5c67001fac3a22"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "sei-de",
    "pattern": "〜せいで",
    "romaji": "sei de",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "because of; due to (bad result, blame)",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj + な / Noun + の + せいで",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "電車が遅れたせいで、面接に遅刻してしまった。",
        "furigana": "{電車|でんしゃ}が{遅|おく}れたせいで、{面接|めんせつ}に{遅刻|ちこく}してしまった。",
        "en": "Because the train was delayed, I was late for my interview."
      },
      {
        "ja": "夜中に犬がうるさかったせいで、ほとんど眠れなかった。",
        "furigana": "{夜中|よなか}に{犬|いぬ}がうるさかったせいで、ほとんど{眠|ねむ}れなかった。",
        "en": "Because the dog was so noisy in the middle of the night, I could barely sleep."
      },
      {
        "ja": "私が道を間違えたせいで、みんなを待たせてしまった。",
        "furigana": "{私|わたし}が{道|みち}を{間違|まちが}えたせいで、みんなを{待|ま}たせてしまった。",
        "en": "Because I took a wrong turn, I kept everyone waiting."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "reason",
      "result",
      "criticism"
    ],
    "notes": "Cause of a bad result, placing blame. 〜のせいにする = 'blame something on'. The opposite feeling of 〜おかげで.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "f033c900f88cfc5d6a34879f2f355d3ddc6669c083ad2dd7c5ce15c1c7d2010d",
      "meanings": [
        "因为",
        "都怪"
      ],
      "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词／な形容词＋な／名词＋の＋せいで",
      "explanation": "表示某原因导致不好的结果，带有归咎语气。",
      "notes": "のせいにする表示把责任归咎于某事。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "電車が遅れたせいで、面接に遅刻してしまった。",
          "zh": "因为电车晚点，我面试迟到了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "夜中に犬がうるさかったせいで、ほとんど眠れなかった。",
          "zh": "因为半夜狗太吵，我几乎没睡着。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "私が道を間違えたせいで、みんなを待たせてしまった。",
          "zh": "因为我走错了路，让大家久等了。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#sei-de",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "00be9ae1e7cc97eb4ef2697a4130769e240da213b7c43285aa77d3edb0a62abc"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ta-totan-ta-totan-ni",
    "pattern": "〜たとたん / 〜たとたんに",
    "romaji": "ta totan / ta totan ni",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "the moment; just as (something unexpected happens)",
    "formation": "Verb-ta + とたん / とたんに",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "立ち上がったとたんに、めまいがした。",
        "furigana": "{立|た}ち{上|あ}がったとたんに、めまいがした。",
        "en": "The moment I stood up, I felt dizzy."
      },
      {
        "ja": "家を出たとたん、雨が降り出した。",
        "furigana": "{家|いえ}を{出|で}たとたん、{雨|あめ}が{降|ふ}り{出|だ}した。",
        "en": "Just as I stepped out of the house, it started to rain."
      },
      {
        "ja": "その歌手がステージに現れたとたん、会場から大きな拍手が起こった。",
        "furigana": "その{歌手|かしゅ}がステージに{現|あらわ}れたとたん、{会場|かいじょう}から{大|おお}きな{拍手|はくしゅ}が{起|お}こった。",
        "en": "The moment the singer appeared on stage, the audience burst into applause."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "time",
      "sequence",
      "surprise"
    ],
    "notes": "The second event is sudden and outside the speaker's control. Not used for the speaker's own planned actions, requests or intentions.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "23a953b46ca2e1c086846c996d389cf4e589c3ed3ec973661b6dc90966a4c992",
      "meanings": [
        "刚一……就"
      ],
      "formation": "动词た形＋とたん／とたんに",
      "explanation": "前项发生的瞬间，后项突然发生。",
      "notes": "后项一般不是说话人计划中的动作、请求或意志。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "立ち上がったとたんに、めまいがした。",
          "zh": "刚站起来，我就感到头晕。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "家を出たとたん、雨が降り出した。",
          "zh": "刚出门，雨就下了起来。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "その歌手がステージに現れたとたん、会場から大きな拍手が起こった。",
          "zh": "那位歌手一出现在舞台上，会场就响起热烈的掌声。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#ta-totan-ta-totan-ni",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "c264d2edce3c969ba845e02617301ad49a5b1cfef8d88fd7e428b706750b6d38"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "tara-ta",
    "pattern": "〜たら〜た",
    "romaji": "tara ... ta",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "when I did A, (I found that) B; upon doing, I discovered",
    "formation": "Verb-ta + ら ... Verb-ta",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "窓を開けたら、外は一面の雪だった。",
        "furigana": "{窓|まど}を{開|あ}けたら、{外|そと}は{一|いち}{面|めん}の{雪|ゆき}だった。",
        "en": "When I opened the window, everything outside was covered in snow."
      },
      {
        "ja": "久しぶりに実家に帰ったら、近所に大きなマンションが建っていた。",
        "furigana": "{久|ひさ}しぶりに{実家|じっか}に{帰|かえ}ったら、{近所|きんじょ}に{大|おお}きなマンションが{建|た}っていた。",
        "en": "When I went back to my parents' place for the first time in ages, I found a big apartment building had gone up nearby."
      },
      {
        "ja": "かばんの中を探してみたら、なくしたと思っていた鍵が出てきた。",
        "furigana": "かばんの{中|なか}を{探|さが}してみたら、なくしたと{思|おも}っていた{鍵|かぎ}が{出|で}てきた。",
        "en": "When I searched my bag, the key I thought I'd lost turned up."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "condition",
      "surprise",
      "sequence"
    ],
    "notes": "After an action, the speaker notices or discovers something. The second clause is past and outside the speaker's control. 〜と〜た is a more written equivalent.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "289a1ec54923aa4dfd2611791f5081529f27e08334e1ebdeaf57405cace00bb0",
      "meanings": [
        "……之后发现"
      ],
      "formation": "动词た形＋ら……动词过去形",
      "explanation": "表示做了某事之后发现了某种情况。",
      "notes": "后项一般是说话人无法控制的发现或结果。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "窓を開けたら、外は一面の雪だった。",
          "zh": "打开窗户一看，外面白雪皑皑。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "久しぶりに実家に帰ったら、近所に大きなマンションが建っていた。",
          "zh": "久违地回到老家，发现附近盖起了一栋大型公寓楼。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "かばんの中を探してみたら、なくしたと思っていた鍵が出てきた。",
          "zh": "在包里找了找，结果找到了以为丢失的钥匙。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#tara-ta",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "8f007d432622032d9022cc2e21c24e4dbc8280f936d9d310e587a2284ffaf19b"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "tatte-datte",
    "pattern": "〜たって / 〜だって",
    "romaji": "tatte / datte",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "even if; no matter (casual)",
    "formation": "Verb-ta + って / i-Adj-ku + たって / na-Adj / Noun + だって",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "今から急いだって、もう間に合わないよ。",
        "furigana": "{今|いま}から{急|いそ}いだって、もう{間|ま}に{合|あ}わないよ。",
        "en": "Even if you hurry now, you won't make it."
      },
      {
        "ja": "高くたって、欲しいものは欲しい。",
        "furigana": "{高|たか}くたって、{欲|ほ}しいものは{欲|ほ}しい。",
        "en": "Even if it's expensive, I want what I want."
      },
      {
        "ja": "いくら便利だって、使い方が分からなければ意味がない。",
        "furigana": "いくら{便利|べんり}だって、{使|つか}い{方|かた}が{分|わ}からなければ{意味|いみ}がない。",
        "en": "No matter how convenient it is, it's pointless if you don't know how to use it."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "concession",
      "casual"
    ],
    "notes": "Colloquial form of 〜ても / 〜でも, often with いくら or question words. だって also means 'because' at the start of a sentence, and 'even' after nouns.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "205e1b0657ffd16835385761204d2abf4af52b84a62cb0077bcae6aa3cb11498",
      "meanings": [
        "即使",
        "无论（口语）"
      ],
      "formation": "动词た形＋って；い形容词词干＋くたって；な形容词词干／名词＋だって",
      "explanation": "是ても／でも的口语形式，表示让步。",
      "notes": "だって在句首还可表示“因为”，接名词也可表示“连”。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "今から急いだって、もう間に合わないよ。",
          "zh": "现在再怎么赶也来不及了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "高くたって、欲しいものは欲しい。",
          "zh": "即使贵，想要的东西还是想要。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "いくら便利だって、使い方が分からなければ意味がない。",
          "zh": "无论多方便，不知道怎么用就没有意义。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#tatte-datte",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "79149da838576d80edc3757861556596e2513d8e0d33e6a62c86316973efb25d"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "nai-koto-wa-nai",
    "pattern": "〜ないことはない",
    "romaji": "nai koto wa nai",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "it's not that ... not; can if necessary; not impossible",
    "formation": "Verb-nai / i-Adj-ku + ない / na-Adj + でない + ことはない",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "辛い料理は食べられないことはないけど、あまり好きじゃない。",
        "furigana": "{辛|から}い{料理|りょうり}は{食|た}べられないことはないけど、あまり{好|す}きじゃない。",
        "en": "It's not that I can't eat spicy food, but I don't really like it."
      },
      {
        "ja": "今から急げば、間に合わないことはないと思う。",
        "furigana": "{今|いま}から{急|いそ}げば、{間|ま}に{合|あ}わないことはないと{思|おも}う。",
        "en": "If we hurry now, I think we can just about make it."
      },
      {
        "ja": "この服、少し派手だけど、似合わないことはないよ。",
        "furigana": "この{服|ふく}、{少|すこ}し{派手|はで}だけど、{似合|にあ}わないことはないよ。",
        "en": "This outfit is a bit flashy, but it's not as if it doesn't suit you."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "negation",
      "possibility"
    ],
    "notes": "A double negative giving a hesitant 'yes'. Also 〜ないこともない. Don't confuse with Verb-dict + ことはない ('there's no need to').",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "5646ea06aa635fee3d2233b36e7da69401c21773d416b8479b923c082f52416f",
      "meanings": [
        "并非不",
        "也不是不能"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ない形／い形容词くない形／な形容词でない＋ことはない",
      "explanation": "通过双重否定表示勉强肯定或保留的判断。",
      "notes": "也可说ないこともない；不要与辞书形＋ことはない（不必）混淆。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "辛い料理は食べられないことはないけど、あまり好きじゃない。",
          "zh": "辣菜也不是不能吃，但我不太喜欢。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "今から急げば、間に合わないことはないと思う。",
          "zh": "如果现在赶过去，我想也不是赶不上。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "この服、少し派手だけど、似合わないことはないよ。",
          "zh": "这件衣服有点花哨，但也不是不适合你。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#nai-koto-wa-nai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "e370af88ea30e260ea9bb51d1d81d71c754089037f3789c0ca739e5d7142fee9"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "te-shou-ga-nai-te-shikata-ga-nai",
    "pattern": "〜てしょうがない / 〜てしかたがない",
    "romaji": "te shou ga nai / te shikata ga nai",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "extremely; can't help (feeling); unbearably",
    "formation": "Verb-te / i-Adj-ku + て / na-Adj + で + しょうがない / しかたがない",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "昨日あまり寝ていないので、眠くてしょうがない。",
        "furigana": "{昨日|きのう}あまり{寝|ね}ていないので、{眠|ねむ}くてしょうがない。",
        "en": "I barely slept last night, so I'm terribly sleepy."
      },
      {
        "ja": "来週の旅行が楽しみでしかたがない。",
        "furigana": "{来週|らいしゅう}の{旅行|りょこう}が{楽|たの}しみでしかたがない。",
        "en": "I'm so excited about next week's trip I can hardly wait."
      },
      {
        "ja": "一人暮らしを始めたばかりのころは、家族のことが気になってしかたがなかった。",
        "furigana": "{一人暮|ひとりぐ}らしを{始|はじ}めたばかりのころは、{家族|かぞく}のことが{気|き}になってしかたがなかった。",
        "en": "When I'd just started living alone, I couldn't stop worrying about my family."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "emotion",
      "degree"
    ],
    "notes": "For feelings and sensations the speaker can't control. しょうがない is more casual. Unlike 〜てたまらない, it also works with spontaneous verbs like 気になる or 涙が出る.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "46a09b754e72e99ff3b96d1995f25ea0ed14417b0d938ce5cfbaa81625384056",
      "meanings": [
        "……得不得了",
        "忍不住"
      ],
      "formation": "动词て形／い形容词くて形／な形容词词干＋で＋しょうがない／しかたがない",
      "explanation": "表示无法控制的强烈感情或感觉。",
      "notes": "しょうがない更口语化，也可接気になる等自发状态。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "昨日あまり寝ていないので、眠くてしょうがない。",
          "zh": "昨天没怎么睡，困得不得了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "来週の旅行が楽しみでしかたがない。",
          "zh": "我对下周的旅行期待得不得了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "一人暮らしを始めたばかりのころは、家族のことが気になってしかたがなかった。",
          "zh": "刚开始独居的时候，我总是忍不住担心家人。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#te-shou-ga-nai-te-shikata-ga-nai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "4e2e955dbf8d1a944efa2882025440204844880c7e2f43459674702d3c363fa8"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "te-tamaranai",
    "pattern": "〜てたまらない",
    "romaji": "te tamaranai",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "unbearably; dying to; extremely (feeling)",
    "formation": "Verb-te / i-Adj-ku + て / na-Adj + で + たまらない",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "この部屋はエアコンがなくて、暑くてたまらない。",
        "furigana": "この{部屋|へや}はエアコンがなくて、{暑|あつ}くてたまらない。",
        "en": "This room has no air conditioning; it's unbearably hot."
      },
      {
        "ja": "三年ぶりに国の家族に会えるので、うれしくてたまらない。",
        "furigana": "{三|さん}{年|ねん}ぶりに{国|くに}の{家族|かぞく}に{会|あ}えるので、うれしくてたまらない。",
        "en": "I'm going to see my family back home for the first time in three years, and I'm overjoyed."
      },
      {
        "ja": "試合に負けたのが悔しくてたまらなかった。",
        "furigana": "{試合|しあい}に{負|ま}けたのが{悔|くや}しくてたまらなかった。",
        "en": "I was terribly frustrated that we lost the match."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "emotion",
      "degree"
    ],
    "notes": "Strong, direct feelings or bodily sensations; very common with desire (〜たくてたまらない). Not used for objective facts. Compare 〜てしかたがない.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "8fd691b58cf862a6ea457a15d05be8f18eb264ed270f86a7b7eef1f77e0d0dfd",
      "meanings": [
        "……得难以忍受",
        "非常"
      ],
      "formation": "动词て形／い形容词くて形／な形容词词干＋で＋たまらない",
      "explanation": "表示强烈的感情、欲望或身体感觉。",
      "notes": "常与たい连用；一般不用来描述客观事实。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "この部屋はエアコンがなくて、暑くてたまらない。",
          "zh": "这间屋子没有空调，热得难以忍受。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "三年ぶりに国の家族に会えるので、うれしくてたまらない。",
          "zh": "时隔三年终于能见到家乡的家人，我高兴极了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "試合に負けたのが悔しくてたまらなかった。",
          "zh": "比赛输了，我懊悔得不得了。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#te-tamaranai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "f8bf351675a486f7bb37b1762aa63dde34793c68af989e9515815bee04d7b44a"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "te-hajimete",
    "pattern": "〜てはじめて",
    "romaji": "te hajimete",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "only after; not until",
    "formation": "Verb-te + はじめて",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "病気になってはじめて、健康のありがたさが分かった。",
        "furigana": "{病気|びょうき}になってはじめて、{健康|けんこう}のありがたさが{分|わ}かった。",
        "en": "It was only after I got sick that I appreciated how precious good health is."
      },
      {
        "ja": "一人で暮らしてはじめて、親の苦労が分かった。",
        "furigana": "{一人|ひとり}で{暮|く}らしてはじめて、{親|おや}の{苦労|くろう}が{分|わ}かった。",
        "en": "Only after living alone did I understand how hard my parents had worked."
      },
      {
        "ja": "実際に使ってみてはじめて、この機械の便利さに気づいた。",
        "furigana": "{実際|じっさい}に{使|つか}ってみてはじめて、この{機械|きかい}の{便利|べんり}さに{気|き}づいた。",
        "en": "It wasn't until I actually tried it that I realized how handy this machine is."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "time",
      "sequence"
    ],
    "notes": "Something is realized or becomes possible only after an experience; often followed by 分かる, 気づく or 知る. Also written 〜て初めて.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "2d1f3c2eb3b954442073aad9fb4426ce322aea662887707086cb2eb15980a0ea",
      "meanings": [
        "只有……才",
        "直到……才"
      ],
      "formation": "动词て形＋はじめて",
      "explanation": "表示经历某事后才认识到或才能做到某事。",
      "notes": "也写作て初めて，常接分かる、気づく等。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "病気になってはじめて、健康のありがたさが分かった。",
          "zh": "生病之后才明白健康的可贵。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "一人で暮らしてはじめて、親の苦労が分かった。",
          "zh": "独自生活之后才明白父母的辛苦。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "実際に使ってみてはじめて、この機械の便利さに気づいた。",
          "zh": "实际使用之后才发现这台机器很方便。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#te-hajimete",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "2dc16dce171e8912377ca2e29d7598edb96974d45f169731f76d0cd1acc29efb"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "te-bakari-iru",
    "pattern": "〜てばかりいる",
    "romaji": "te bakari iru",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "do nothing but; keep on doing (critical)",
    "formation": "Verb-te + ばかりいる",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "弟は休みの日、ゲームをしてばかりいる。",
        "furigana": "{弟|おとうと}は{休|やす}みの{日|ひ}、ゲームをしてばかりいる。",
        "en": "On his days off, my younger brother does nothing but play games."
      },
      {
        "ja": "泣いてばかりいないで、どうしたのか話してごらん。",
        "furigana": "{泣|な}いてばかりいないで、どうしたのか{話|はな}してごらん。",
        "en": "Stop crying and tell me what happened."
      },
      {
        "ja": "休みの間、寝てばかりいたら、かえって疲れてしまった。",
        "furigana": "{休|やす}みの{間|あいだ}、{寝|ね}てばかりいたら、かえって{疲|つか}れてしまった。",
        "en": "I did nothing but sleep during the break, and it actually made me more tired."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "tendency",
      "criticism",
      "limitation"
    ],
    "notes": "A repeated or constant action, usually with criticism or dissatisfaction. Compare N4 Noun + ばかり (甘い物ばかり食べる).",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "b8b04721ddbdcdf3e58ac2c35a7d9378421e21eef8c685933825e56697480128",
      "meanings": [
        "光是……",
        "老是……"
      ],
      "formation": "动词て形＋ばかりいる",
      "explanation": "表示反复或持续做同一动作，常带不满或批评。",
      "notes": "否定形式てばかりいないで可用于劝人别一直做某事。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "弟は休みの日、ゲームをしてばかりいる。",
          "zh": "弟弟休息日总是在玩游戏。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "泣いてばかりいないで、どうしたのか話してごらん。",
          "zh": "别光哭，说说发生了什么吧。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "休みの間、寝てばかりいたら、かえって疲れてしまった。",
          "zh": "假期里光睡觉，反而更累了。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#te-bakari-iru",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "8e1f91b72f636cd0966e5f272932a56f9530f6849f324a2f09e11cca8abdb233"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ba-ii",
    "pattern": "〜ばいい",
    "romaji": "ba ii",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "should; all you need to do is; I hope (with のに/けど: I wish)",
    "formation": "Verb-ba + いい / i-Adj stem + ければ + いい",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "「この書類、どこに出せばいいですか。」「二階の受付に出してください。」",
        "furigana": "「この{書類|しょるい}、どこに{出|だ}せばいいですか。」「{二|に}{階|かい}の{受付|うけつけ}に{出|だ}してください。」",
        "en": "'Where should I hand in this form?' 'Please take it to the reception desk on the second floor.'"
      },
      {
        "ja": "分からないことがあったら、遠慮しないで私に聞けばいいよ。",
        "furigana": "{分|わ}からないことがあったら、{遠慮|えんりょ}しないで{私|わたし}に{聞|き}けばいいよ。",
        "en": "If there's anything you don't understand, just ask me. Don't be shy."
      },
      {
        "ja": "明日、雨が降らなければいいんだけど。",
        "furigana": "{明日|あした}、{雨|あめ}が{降|ふ}らなければいいんだけど。",
        "en": "I hope it doesn't rain tomorrow."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "advice",
      "suggestion",
      "wish"
    ],
    "notes": "Asks for or gives advice (〜ばいいですか = 'what should I do?'). 〜ばいいのに = 'I wish'. 〜たらいい is a near-synonym; 〜ほうがいい sounds more insistent.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "31f9cf25bc666f2c1440504081a5a8f00e1d169cf30eb02af578c001755253e4",
      "meanings": [
        "应该",
        "只要……就好",
        "希望"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ば形／い形容词词干＋ければ＋いい",
      "explanation": "可用于征求或提出建议，也可表示愿望。",
      "notes": "ばいいですか用于询问该怎么做；ばいいのに可表示愿望。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "「この書類、どこに出せばいいですか。」「二階の受付に出してください。」",
          "zh": "“这份文件应该交到哪里？”“请交到二楼接待处。”"
        },
        {
          "ja": "分からないことがあったら、遠慮しないで私に聞けばいいよ。",
          "zh": "有不懂的就别客气，问我就好。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "明日、雨が降らなければいいんだけど。",
          "zh": "希望明天不要下雨。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#ba-ii",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "9ff81d91a8067cb8249d56a4b562c8e2361832c762ad1a08f728d4dc0733def3"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "baai-wa",
    "pattern": "〜場合（は）",
    "reading": "〜ばあい（は）",
    "romaji": "baai wa",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "in the case of; if; in the event that",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj + な / Noun + の + 場合（は）",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "雨の場合は、試合は中止になります。",
        "furigana": "{雨|あめ}の{場合|ばあい}は、{試合|しあい}は{中止|ちゅうし}になります。",
        "en": "In case of rain, the game will be canceled."
      },
      {
        "ja": "カードをなくした場合は、すぐに銀行に連絡してください。",
        "furigana": "カードをなくした{場合|ばあい}は、すぐに{銀行|ぎんこう}に{連絡|れんらく}してください。",
        "en": "If you lose your card, contact the bank immediately."
      },
      {
        "ja": "予約の時間に遅れる場合は、お電話でお知らせください。",
        "furigana": "{予約|よやく}の{時間|じかん}に{遅|おく}れる{場合|ばあい}は、お{電話|でんわ}でお{知|し}らせください。",
        "en": "If you are going to be late for your appointment, please let us know by phone."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "condition",
      "formal"
    ],
    "notes": "Typical of instructions, rules and announcements about possible situations. Unlike 〜たら, it is not used to narrate a one-off past event.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "047b1cc2fd46f0e805b15a3512ca5cd5366396803da0a535f6c6069b354c89dd",
      "meanings": [
        "如果",
        "在……情况下"
      ],
      "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词／な形容词＋な／名词＋の＋場合（は）",
      "explanation": "说明某种可能发生的情况及其对应处理。",
      "notes": "常用于规则、说明和通知。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "雨の場合は、試合は中止になります。",
          "zh": "如果下雨，比赛将取消。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "カードをなくした場合は、すぐに銀行に連絡してください。",
          "zh": "如果丢失银行卡，请立即联系银行。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "予約の時間に遅れる場合は、お電話でお知らせください。",
          "zh": "如果预约会迟到，请打电话告知。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#baai-wa",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "568b0effd3fab7ff3cb5780eb40816b1dd81df8702a0ff5cb9f58ac688a8ad6d"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "to-sureba-to-shitara",
    "pattern": "〜とすれば / 〜としたら",
    "romaji": "to sureba / to shitara",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "if; supposing that; assuming",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj + だ / Noun + だ + とすれば / としたら",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "もし宝くじで一億円当たったとしたら、何に使いますか。",
        "furigana": "もし{宝|たから}くじで{一|いち}{億|おく}{円|えん}{当|あ}たったとしたら、{何|なに}に{使|つか}いますか。",
        "en": "If you won 100 million yen in the lottery, what would you spend it on?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "今から出発するとすれば、向こうに着くのは夜の九時ごろになる。",
        "furigana": "{今|いま}から{出発|しゅっぱつ}するとすれば、{向|む}こうに{着|つ}くのは{夜|よる}の{九時|くじ}ごろになる。",
        "en": "If we set off now, we'll get there at around nine at night."
      },
      {
        "ja": "彼の話が本当だとしたら、大変なことになる。",
        "furigana": "{彼|かれ}の{話|はなし}が{本当|ほんとう}だとしたら、{大変|たいへん}なことになる。",
        "en": "If what he says is true, we're in serious trouble."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "condition",
      "conjecture"
    ],
    "notes": "Sets up a hypothesis and considers what follows. Often with もし or 仮に. としたら is more conversational; とすれば sounds more like logical reasoning.",
    "zh": {
      "source_hash": "186f73ef05ed14f06118de204cd413600882898af1cdd88a3d50541be0fe813c",
      "meanings": [
        "假如",
        "假设"
      ],
      "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词／な形容词或名词＋だ＋とすれば／としたら",
      "explanation": "设定假设，考虑由此产生的结果。",
      "notes": "としたら较口语；とすれば较偏向逻辑推论。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "もし宝くじで一億円当たったとしたら、何に使いますか。",
          "zh": "假如彩票中了一亿日元，你会用来做什么？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "今から出発するとすれば、向こうに着くのは夜の九時ごろになる。",
          "zh": "如果现在出发，到那边大概是晚上九点。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "彼の話が本当だとしたら、大変なことになる。",
          "zh": "假如他说的是真的，事情就严重了。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#to-sureba-to-shitara",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "status": "reviewed",
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "f24a86cc60a531f522ba93cd1683f3c5500403b3085b44cbdae308a9105653ea"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "to-shite-mo",
    "pattern": "〜としても",
    "romaji": "to shite mo",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "even if; even supposing",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj + だ / Noun + だ + としても",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "親に反対されたとしても、私は留学するつもりだ。",
        "furigana": "{親|おや}に{反対|はんたい}されたとしても、{私|わたし}は{留学|りゅうがく}するつもりだ。",
        "en": "Even if my parents are against it, I intend to study abroad."
      },
      {
        "ja": "今からタクシーに乗ったとしても、九時の飛行機には間に合わないだろう。",
        "furigana": "{今|いま}からタクシーに{乗|の}ったとしても、{九時|くじ}の{飛行機|ひこうき}には{間|ま}に{合|あ}わないだろう。",
        "en": "Even if we took a taxi now, we probably wouldn't make the nine o'clock flight."
      },
      {
        "ja": "それが本当だとしても、ほかの人に話すべきではない。",
        "furigana": "それが{本当|ほんとう}だとしても、ほかの{人|ひと}に{話|はな}すべきではない。",
        "en": "Even if that's true, you shouldn't tell anyone else."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "concession",
      "condition"
    ],
    "notes": "Hypothetical concession: even assuming A, B still holds. More hypothetical than 〜ても; compare 〜にしても, which often accepts a fact.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "aea1e678a6f1d607be38e1bab4696e5f40a68264cd16f07951a06b652f348754",
      "meanings": [
        "即使",
        "就算"
      ],
      "formation": "动词、い形容词简体／な形容词、名词＋だ＋としても",
      "explanation": "假设前项成立，后项仍然如此。",
      "notes": "比〜ても更强调假设。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "親に反対されたとしても、私は留学するつもりだ。",
          "zh": "即使父母反对，我也打算留学。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "今からタクシーに乗ったとしても、九時の飛行機には間に合わないだろう。",
          "zh": "即使现在乘出租车，恐怕也赶不上九点的飞机。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "それが本当だとしても、ほかの人に話すべきではない。",
          "zh": "即使那是真的，也不应该告诉别人。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#to-shite-mo",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "a612eaab13352efea3998d164cd95fb3cfcef31d30307c939a8ef873dc188160"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "toka-hearsay",
    "pattern": "〜とか（hearsay）",
    "romaji": "toka (hearsay)",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "I heard something like; apparently",
    "formation": "Sentence + とか",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "駅前の本屋、今月で閉店するとか。寂しくなりますね。",
        "furigana": "{駅前|えきまえ}の{本屋|ほんや}、{今月|こんげつ}で{閉店|へいてん}するとか。{寂|さび}しくなりますね。",
        "en": "I hear the bookstore by the station is closing at the end of this month. It'll be sad to see it go."
      },
      {
        "ja": "今年の冬は、例年より寒くなるとかいう話だよ。",
        "furigana": "{今年|ことし}の{冬|ふゆ}は、{例年|れいねん}より{寒|さむ}くなるとかいう{話|はなし}だよ。",
        "en": "Word is that this winter is going to be colder than usual."
      },
      {
        "ja": "部長は今日、熱があるとかで休んでいます。",
        "furigana": "{部長|ぶちょう}は{今日|きょう}、{熱|ねつ}があるとかで{休|やす}んでいます。",
        "en": "The department manager is off today; something about having a fever."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "hearsay",
      "casual"
    ],
    "notes": "Vague hearsay; softer and less certain than 〜そうだ. Often 〜とかいう話だ, 〜とか聞いた, or 〜とかで (giving a reported reason). Different from listing 〜とか〜とか.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "5b4c89c25318250334cbdd8fb6cfbc08c6367d8a4a400ca8f76eb60e3a995753",
      "meanings": [
        "听说",
        "据说"
      ],
      "formation": "句子＋とか",
      "explanation": "表示不太确定的传闻。",
      "notes": "常见形式有とかいう話だ、とか聞いた、とかで；不同于列举的とか。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "駅前の本屋、今月で閉店するとか。寂しくなりますね。",
          "zh": "听说车站前的书店这个月底要关门了。真让人难过。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "今年の冬は、例年より寒くなるとかいう話だよ。",
          "zh": "听说今年冬天会比往年冷。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "部長は今日、熱があるとかで休んでいます。",
          "zh": "部长今天请假了，听说是发烧了。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#toka-hearsay",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "b6c2373aba9c619582dce8b52a70b3c6c25722986d4eb7a3edcaf90de14c8bb2"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "tte",
    "pattern": "〜って",
    "romaji": "tte",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "(casual quotation) says that; I heard; as for; what is",
    "formation": "Sentence + って / Noun + って",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "彼女、今日は来られないって。",
        "furigana": "{彼女|かのじょ}、{今日|きょう}は{来|こ}られないって。",
        "en": "She says she can't come today."
      },
      {
        "ja": "駅前に新しいカフェができたんだって。行ってみない？",
        "furigana": "{駅前|えきまえ}に{新|あたら}しいカフェができたんだって。{行|い}ってみない？",
        "en": "Apparently a new café opened by the station. Want to go check it out?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "「ふろしき」って何ですか。",
        "furigana": "「ふろしき」って{何|なん}ですか。",
        "en": "What's a furoshiki?"
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "quotation",
      "hearsay",
      "casual"
    ],
    "notes": "Casual stand-in for と (quoting), そうだ (hearsay, often 〜んだって) and は (topic, especially 'what is X?'). Common in speech; avoided in formal writing.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "a897918c60eaef43ff66e2818a34e553453f47a06b4c0d4313ee8fdc7721ff99",
      "meanings": [
        "听说",
        "说是",
        "至于"
      ],
      "formation": "句子／名词＋って",
      "explanation": "口语中表示引用、传闻或提示话题。",
      "notes": "常见于会话；〜んだって可传达听来的消息。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "彼女、今日は来られないって。",
          "zh": "她说今天来不了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "駅前に新しいカフェができたんだって。行ってみない？",
          "zh": "听说车站前开了一家新咖啡馆。要不要去看看？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "「ふろしき」って何ですか。",
          "zh": "“ふろしき”是什么？"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#tte",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "c3abafc7ba596b5e32854e8d8d863c641424338855d605cb5beeedbc7d3a8101"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "to-iu-koto-da",
    "pattern": "〜ということだ",
    "romaji": "to iu koto da",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "I heard that; it means that; in other words",
    "formation": "Sentence + ということだ",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "駅員さんの話では、事故のため電車は一時間ほど止まるということです。",
        "furigana": "{駅員|えきいん}さんの{話|はなし}では、{事故|じこ}のため{電車|でんしゃ}は{一|いち}{時間|じかん}ほど{止|と}まるということです。",
        "en": "According to the station attendant, trains will be stopped for about an hour because of an accident."
      },
      {
        "ja": "「申し込みは明日までです。」「じゃあ、今日中に書類を準備しなければならないということですね。」",
        "furigana": "「{申|もう}し{込|こ}みは{明日|あした}までです。」「じゃあ、{今日中|きょうじゅう}に{書類|しょるい}を{準備|じゅんび}しなければならないということですね。」",
        "en": "'Applications close tomorrow.' 'So that means I have to get my documents ready today, right?'"
      },
      {
        "ja": "全員が賛成したということは、この計画で進めてもいいということだ。",
        "furigana": "{全員|ぜんいん}が{賛成|さんせい}したということは、この{計画|けいかく}で{進|すす}めてもいいということだ。",
        "en": "Everyone agreeing means we can go ahead with this plan."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "hearsay",
      "result"
    ],
    "notes": "Two uses: reporting information (more formal than 〜そうだ) and drawing a conclusion ('so that means ...'). The conclusion use often ends in ということですね.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "58f2f2c019870cf9e1ac0f498a70b153554f16e594dabedcebec7f79a14d35b4",
      "meanings": [
        "据说",
        "也就是说"
      ],
      "formation": "句子＋ということだ",
      "explanation": "表示转述消息或根据前文得出结论。",
      "notes": "转述时常用于较正式场合；得出结论时常用ということですね。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "駅員さんの話では、事故のため電車は一時間ほど止まるということです。",
          "zh": "据车站工作人员说，因事故电车将停运约一小时。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "「申し込みは明日までです。」「じゃあ、今日中に書類を準備しなければならないということですね。」",
          "zh": "“报名截止到明天。”“那就是说我必须今天准备好材料，对吧？”"
        },
        {
          "ja": "全員が賛成したということは、この計画で進めてもいいということだ。",
          "zh": "大家都同意了，也就是说可以按这个计划继续推进。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#to-iu-koto-da",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "bbedc03c524af7342f1bc261cf24dd984a662354930eb0f1d079f061d4605be7"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "to-iu-no-wa",
    "pattern": "〜というのは",
    "romaji": "to iu no wa",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "what is meant by ... is; ... means; the reason is",
    "formation": "Noun / Sentence + というのは",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "「割り勘」というのは、食事代などをみんなで同じ金額ずつ払うことです。",
        "furigana": "「{割|わ}り{勘|かん}」というのは、{食事|しょくじ}{代|だい}などをみんなで{同|おな}じ{金額|きんがく}ずつ{払|はら}うことです。",
        "en": "'Warikan' means everyone paying the same share of a meal or other bill."
      },
      {
        "ja": "一人で海外に住むというのは、思ったより大変なことだ。",
        "furigana": "{一人|ひとり}で{海外|かいがい}に{住|す}むというのは、{思|おも}ったより{大変|たいへん}なことだ。",
        "en": "Living abroad on your own is harder than you'd think."
      },
      {
        "ja": "来週の旅行には行けなくなった。というのは、急に出張が入ったからだ。",
        "furigana": "{来週|らいしゅう}の{旅行|りょこう}には{行|い}けなくなった。というのは、{急|きゅう}に{出張|しゅっちょう}が{入|はい}ったからだ。",
        "en": "I can't go on next week's trip after all. That's because a business trip suddenly came up."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "topic",
      "quotation"
    ],
    "notes": "Introduces a word to define or a situation to comment on. Casual: 〜って. At the start of a sentence, というのは introduces a reason ending in 〜からだ. Written: 〜とは.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "c64fc6229449eb81cef4fdcd3d5764601a03b6f257de8ab54e00247926afd8d3",
      "meanings": [
        "所谓……是",
        "原因是"
      ],
      "formation": "名词／句子＋というのは",
      "explanation": "引出词语的定义或把一件事作为话题评论。",
      "notes": "句首的というのは可引出原因，常与からだ呼应。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "「割り勘」というのは、食事代などをみんなで同じ金額ずつ払うことです。",
          "zh": "所谓AA制，就是大家均摊餐费等费用。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "一人で海外に住むというのは、思ったより大変なことだ。",
          "zh": "一个人在国外生活比想象中辛苦。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "来週の旅行には行けなくなった。というのは、急に出張が入ったからだ。",
          "zh": "下周的旅行我去不了了，因为突然有了出差安排。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#to-iu-no-wa",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "bc07ff52fe920d7e5f69085f3e81e72b1c82b378b61d4baceb101b22a831a433"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "to-iu-yori",
    "pattern": "〜というより",
    "romaji": "to iu yori",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "rather than; not so much A as B",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj / Noun + というより",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "今日は涼しいというより、寒いくらいだ。",
        "furigana": "{今日|きょう}は{涼|すず}しいというより、{寒|さむ}いくらいだ。",
        "en": "Today it's not so much cool as almost cold."
      },
      {
        "ja": "彼女は友達というより、家族のような存在だ。",
        "furigana": "{彼女|かのじょ}は{友達|ともだち}というより、{家族|かぞく}のような{存在|そんざい}だ。",
        "en": "She's less a friend than something like family to me."
      },
      {
        "ja": "それは意見というより、ただの文句だよ。",
        "furigana": "それは{意見|いけん}というより、ただの{文句|もんく}だよ。",
        "en": "That's not so much an opinion as just a complaint."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "comparison"
    ],
    "notes": "Corrects or refines a description: the second one fits better. Often followed by むしろ.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "77b521e4f5435aebb1d1ef88e6b3e8ed79949effd6bddf660b054ae69d86eb12",
      "meanings": [
        "与其说……不如说……"
      ],
      "formation": "动词、形容词简体／名词＋というより",
      "explanation": "修正前面的说法，指出后面的描述更贴切。",
      "notes": "后项常与むしろ连用。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "今日は涼しいというより、寒いくらいだ。",
          "zh": "今天与其说凉爽，不如说都有点冷了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "彼女は友達というより、家族のような存在だ。",
          "zh": "她与其说是朋友，不如说像家人一样。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "それは意見というより、ただの文句だよ。",
          "zh": "那与其说是意见，不如说只是抱怨。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#to-iu-yori",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "5ffe9eb6b7487c49a579ca18dce855fbda3df206c04a050947e8570ba1b1908e"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "wari-ni-wari-ni-wa",
    "pattern": "〜わりに / 〜わりには",
    "romaji": "wari ni / wari ni wa",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "considering; for (unexpectedly)",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj + な / Noun + の + わりに",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "この店は値段のわりに、量が多くておいしい。",
        "furigana": "この{店|みせ}は{値段|ねだん}のわりに、{量|りょう}が{多|おお}くておいしい。",
        "en": "For the price, this restaurant gives you big, tasty portions."
      },
      {
        "ja": "兄はよく食べるわりには、全然太らない。",
        "furigana": "{兄|あに}はよく{食|た}べるわりには、{全然|ぜんぜん}{太|ふと}らない。",
        "en": "Considering how much he eats, my older brother never gains weight."
      },
      {
        "ja": "このホテルは駅から近いわりに、静かでよく眠れた。",
        "furigana": "このホテルは{駅|えき}から{近|ちか}いわりに、{静|しず}かでよく{眠|ねむ}れた。",
        "en": "Considering how close it is to the station, the hotel was quiet and I slept well."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "contrast",
      "degree"
    ],
    "notes": "The result doesn't match the degree you'd expect from A (price, age, effort). Can follow adjectives, unlike 〜にしては.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "7e137ea2249ebbf652f314f089232a40a058ddf7a00e97d9347de18ebf37b454",
      "meanings": [
        "相对于",
        "按……来说"
      ],
      "formation": "动词、い形容词简体／な形容词＋な／名词＋の＋わりに（は）",
      "explanation": "表示结果与根据前项程度所作的预期不符。",
      "notes": "可接形容词。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "この店は値段のわりに、量が多くておいしい。",
          "zh": "这家店按价格来说分量大又好吃。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "兄はよく食べるわりには、全然太らない。",
          "zh": "哥哥虽然吃得多，却一点也不发胖。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "このホテルは駅から近いわりに、静かでよく眠れた。",
          "zh": "这家酒店离车站很近，却很安静，让我睡得很好。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#wari-ni-wari-ni-wa",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "22b51cb65de02642b79b9e5a13aa2c60816a5c32b8df4240a16fab4247036e0b"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "kuse-ni",
    "pattern": "〜くせに",
    "romaji": "kuse ni",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "even though; despite (critical, reproachful)",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj + な / Noun + の + くせに",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "自分では何もしないくせに、人の仕事には文句ばかり言う。",
        "furigana": "{自分|じぶん}では{何|なに}もしないくせに、{人|ひと}の{仕事|しごと}には{文句|もんく}ばかり{言|い}う。",
        "en": "He never does anything himself, yet he's always complaining about other people's work."
      },
      {
        "ja": "知っているくせに、どうして教えてくれなかったの？",
        "furigana": "{知|し}っているくせに、どうして{教|おし}えてくれなかったの？",
        "en": "You knew all along, so why didn't you tell me?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "弟は体が大きいくせに、小さな虫をこわがる。",
        "furigana": "{弟|おとうと}は{体|からだ}が{大|おお}きいくせに、{小|ちい}さな{虫|むし}をこわがる。",
        "en": "My younger brother is so big, and yet he's scared of tiny bugs."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "concession",
      "criticism"
    ],
    "notes": "Like 〜のに, but with contempt or reproach toward the subject. Both clauses share the same subject; rarely used about oneself. Casual.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "1d135fe1a5c3ca0d890907a6152f7b923bb2f8cbea50d51765171bd6214df5f9",
      "meanings": [
        "明明……却……"
      ],
      "formation": "动词、い形容词简体／な形容词＋な／名词＋の＋くせに",
      "explanation": "表示与前项不符，并带有责备或轻蔑的语气。",
      "notes": "语气较强，多用于口语。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "自分では何もしないくせに、人の仕事には文句ばかり言う。",
          "zh": "自己什么都不做，却总是挑别人工作的毛病。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "知っているくせに、どうして教えてくれなかったの？",
          "zh": "你明明知道，为什么不告诉我？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "弟は体が大きいくせに、小さな虫をこわがる。",
          "zh": "弟弟个子那么大，却害怕小虫子。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#kuse-ni",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "04c64298203cc313b0bf95a46bcb175ca7db9b8acecde9735117964c9f925a18"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "kara-ni-kakete",
    "pattern": "〜から〜にかけて",
    "romaji": "kara ... ni kakete",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "from ... through; over (a period or area)",
    "formation": "Noun + から + Noun + にかけて",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "今夜から明日の朝にかけて、強い雨が降るでしょう。",
        "furigana": "{今夜|こんや}から{明日|あした}の{朝|あさ}にかけて、{強|つよ}い{雨|あめ}が{降|ふ}るでしょう。",
        "en": "Heavy rain is expected from tonight through tomorrow morning."
      },
      {
        "ja": "関東から東北にかけての広い地域で、強い揺れが観測された。",
        "furigana": "{関東|かんとう}から{東北|とうほく}にかけての{広|ひろ}い{地域|ちいき}で、{強|つよ}い{揺|ゆ}れが{観測|かんそく}された。",
        "en": "Strong shaking was recorded over a wide area from Kanto to Tohoku."
      },
      {
        "ja": "この花は、三月から四月にかけてきれいに咲く。",
        "furigana": "この{花|はな}は、{三月|さんがつ}から{四月|しがつ}にかけてきれいに{咲|さ}く。",
        "en": "This flower blooms beautifully from March through April."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "range",
      "time"
    ],
    "notes": "A rough span of time or space whose edges aren't exact; common in weather reports. Compare 〜から〜まで, which marks clear start and end points.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "a7d2d0a06b719d81cdfe2e902ec9df6d4def1291de670d2bc78032683cbe72ba",
      "meanings": [
        "从……到……",
        "在……范围内"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋から＋名词＋にかけて",
      "explanation": "表示时间或空间上的大致范围。",
      "notes": "常用于天气报道；范围边界不如から〜まで明确。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "今夜から明日の朝にかけて、強い雨が降るでしょう。",
          "zh": "预计从今晚到明天早上会下大雨。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "関東から東北にかけての広い地域で、強い揺れが観測された。",
          "zh": "从关东到东北的广大地区观测到了强烈震动。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "この花は、三月から四月にかけてきれいに咲く。",
          "zh": "这种花在三月至四月间开得很美。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#kara-ni-kakete",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "80ab0c87d0aaa52c8392d9a7af1c49bce893fceb725387e6b66e5ea8467d65ea"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "buri",
    "pattern": "〜ぶり",
    "romaji": "buri",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "for the first time in (a period); manner, way of doing",
    "formation": "Noun + ぶり / Verb-stem + ぶり",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "五年ぶりに高校の友達に会って、話が止まらなかった。",
        "furigana": "{五|ご}{年|ねん}ぶりに{高校|こうこう}の{友達|ともだち}に{会|あ}って、{話|はなし}が{止|と}まらなかった。",
        "en": "I saw my high school friends for the first time in five years, and we couldn't stop talking."
      },
      {
        "ja": "久しぶりですね。お元気でしたか。",
        "furigana": "{久|ひさ}しぶりですね。お{元気|げんき}でしたか。",
        "en": "It's been a long time. How have you been?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "新入社員の仕事ぶりを見て、部長は安心したようだ。",
        "furigana": "{新入|しんにゅう}{社員|しゃいん}の{仕事|しごと}ぶりを{見|み}て、{部長|ぶちょう}は{安心|あんしん}したようだ。",
        "en": "The manager seemed relieved after seeing how the new employee works."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "time",
      "manner"
    ],
    "notes": "Time span + ぶり: the first time in that long (〜ぶりに / 〜ぶりの). Noun or Verb-stem + ぶり: the way someone does something (仕事ぶり, 話しぶり).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "9e55a8b14aa0a39ef978796425b2c2a1354bb414e5951c6b45eed1a722ce1a57",
      "meanings": [
        "时隔……",
        "样子",
        "做法"
      ],
      "formation": "表示时间的名词／名词／动词ます形去ます＋ぶり",
      "explanation": "表示时隔一段时间再次发生，或表示动作的样子。",
      "notes": "时间＋ぶりに表示时隔多久；仕事ぶり表示工作表现。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "五年ぶりに高校の友達に会って、話が止まらなかった。",
          "zh": "时隔五年见到高中朋友，聊得停不下来。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "久しぶりですね。お元気でしたか。",
          "zh": "好久不见，您过得好吗？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "新入社員の仕事ぶりを見て、部長は安心したようだ。",
          "zh": "看到新员工的工作表现，部长似乎放心了。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#buri",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "c7c8502669de3050abb6eb1c72c1709d0e4a82a69371ee9abd8cdfa6dd958476"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "kke",
    "pattern": "〜っけ",
    "romaji": "kke",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "was it?; did I?; (trying to recall)",
    "formation": "Verb-ta / Noun + だ / Noun + だった + っけ",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "あれ、会議って何時からだっけ？",
        "furigana": "あれ、{会議|かいぎ}って{何|なん}{時|じ}からだっけ？",
        "en": "Wait, what time does the meeting start again?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "すみません、お名前、何とおっしゃいましたっけ。",
        "furigana": "すみません、お{名前|なまえ}、{何|なん}とおっしゃいましたっけ。",
        "en": "I'm sorry, what did you say your name was?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "子どものころ、よくこの公園で遊んだっけ。",
        "furigana": "{子|こ}どものころ、よくこの{公園|こうえん}で{遊|あそ}んだっけ。",
        "en": "I used to play in this park a lot as a kid, didn't I."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "question",
      "recollection",
      "casual"
    ],
    "notes": "Checks something you've forgotten, or recalls the past fondly (〜たっけ). Polite forms: 〜でしたっけ, 〜ましたっけ.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "45b884609f045edb6d309fa52f52b17465c1f7f74aa641921a8f9c9b2b0a6c52",
      "meanings": [
        "来着",
        "记得……"
      ],
      "formation": "动词过去式／名词＋だ・だった＋っけ",
      "explanation": "用来确认忘记的事情或回忆过去。",
      "notes": "口语形式；礼貌形式有でしたっけ、ましたっけ。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "あれ、会議って何時からだっけ？",
          "zh": "咦，会议是几点开始来着？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "すみません、お名前、何とおっしゃいましたっけ。",
          "zh": "不好意思，您叫什么名字来着？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "子どものころ、よくこの公園で遊んだっけ。",
          "zh": "小时候常在这个公园玩来着。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#kke",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "6d9ff1e4012bbc79250baf2eeb597d6796b8a90eb9df72ea11029e29bfd52f0b"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "masu-you-ni",
    "pattern": "〜ますように",
    "romaji": "masu you ni",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "I hope; may (wish, prayer)",
    "formation": "Verb-stem + ますように / Verb-stem + ませんように",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "試験に合格できますように。",
        "furigana": "{試験|しけん}に{合格|ごうかく}できますように。",
        "en": "I hope I pass the exam."
      },
      {
        "ja": "明日の遠足、雨が降りませんように。",
        "furigana": "{明日|あした}の{遠足|えんそく}、{雨|あめ}が{降|ふ}りませんように。",
        "en": "Please don't let it rain on tomorrow's school outing."
      },
      {
        "ja": "家族みんなが元気で過ごせますように。",
        "furigana": "{家族|かぞく}みんなが{元気|げんき}で{過|す}ごせますように。",
        "en": "May everyone in my family stay healthy."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "wish"
    ],
    "notes": "Used for wishes and prayers, e.g. at a shrine or on tanabata strips, and at the end of letters wishing someone well.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "eb419169575d24b4a1b121d2c72f6725088e92e53dcf5abe598c1d1c6101a931",
      "meanings": [
        "愿……",
        "希望……"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ます形＋ように／动词ません形＋ように",
      "explanation": "表示愿望或祈祷。",
      "notes": "可用于神社祈愿、七夕短笺或信末祝愿。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "試験に合格できますように。",
          "zh": "愿我能通过考试。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "明日の遠足、雨が降りませんように。",
          "zh": "希望明天的郊游不要下雨。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "家族みんなが元気で過ごせますように。",
          "zh": "愿全家人都健康平安。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#masu-you-ni",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "cfbbf3b2877f703daa63dbf09cf4930c443995c14ef8f2dca32ed6224593346d"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "furi-o-suru",
    "pattern": "〜ふりをする",
    "romaji": "furi o suru",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "pretend to; act as if",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj + な / Noun + の + ふりをする",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "母に呼ばれたが、聞こえないふりをしてゲームを続けた。",
        "furigana": "{母|はは}に{呼|よ}ばれたが、{聞|き}こえないふりをしてゲームを{続|つづ}けた。",
        "en": "My mother called me, but I pretended not to hear and kept playing my game."
      },
      {
        "ja": "彼は本当は知っているのに、知らないふりをしている。",
        "furigana": "{彼|かれ}は{本当|ほんとう}は{知|し}っているのに、{知|し}らないふりをしている。",
        "en": "He actually knows, but he's pretending not to."
      },
      {
        "ja": "電車の中で、寝たふりをして席を譲らない人がいる。",
        "furigana": "{電車|でんしゃ}の{中|なか}で、{寝|ね}たふりをして{席|せき}を{譲|ゆず}らない{人|ひと}がいる。",
        "en": "Some people on the train pretend to be asleep so they don't have to give up their seats."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "appearance",
      "manner"
    ],
    "notes": "Deliberately giving a false impression. Verb-ta is common: 寝たふり, 死んだふり.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "7ef41377697e4d0c5cab93d945a991858d1b08d2e832bbdcd86d729ff56b59a0",
      "meanings": [
        "假装……"
      ],
      "formation": "动词、い形容词简体／な形容词＋な／名词＋の＋ふりをする",
      "explanation": "故意做出与事实不同的样子。",
      "notes": "动词过去式常见，如寝たふり。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "母に呼ばれたが、聞こえないふりをしてゲームを続けた。",
          "zh": "妈妈叫了我，但我装作没听见，继续玩游戏。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "彼は本当は知っているのに、知らないふりをしている。",
          "zh": "他其实知道，却装作不知道。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "電車の中で、寝たふりをして席を譲らない人がいる。",
          "zh": "电车里有人装睡，不肯让座。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#furi-o-suru",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "ee363aeaecb45cf0c52ad404ba5742af7a93185407df80881ec7aecd914eda86"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "muki-muke",
    "pattern": "〜向き / 〜向け",
    "reading": "〜むき / 〜むけ",
    "romaji": "muki / muke",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "suitable for / aimed at; intended for",
    "formation": "Noun + 向き / Noun + 向け",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "この料理は作り方が簡単なので、初心者向きだ。",
        "furigana": "この{料理|りょうり}は{作|つく}り{方|かた}が{簡単|かんたん}なので、{初心者|しょしんしゃ}{向|む}きだ。",
        "en": "This dish is easy to make, so it's well suited to beginners."
      },
      {
        "ja": "この雑誌は、若い女性向けに作られている。",
        "furigana": "この{雑誌|ざっし}は、{若|わか}い{女性|じょせい}{向|む}けに{作|つく}られている。",
        "en": "This magazine is made for young women."
      },
      {
        "ja": "子ども向けの番組だが、大人が見ても十分楽しめる。",
        "furigana": "{子|こ}ども{向|む}けの{番組|ばんぐみ}だが、{大人|おとな}が{見|み}ても{十分|じゅうぶん}{楽|たの}しめる。",
        "en": "It's a program aimed at children, but adults can enjoy it too."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "purpose",
      "relation"
    ],
    "notes": "向き: happens to suit X well. 向け: made on purpose for X. 向き also means 'facing' (南向きの部屋).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "7a54b08c363721816643fd624fb80e95e6c428f51eb5c8a2aea159989d3a5e5a",
      "meanings": [
        "适合……",
        "面向……"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋向き／名词＋向け",
      "explanation": "向き表示适合某对象；向け表示专为某对象设计。",
      "notes": "向き也可表示朝向，如南向き。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "この料理は作り方が簡単なので、初心者向きだ。",
          "zh": "这道菜做法简单，适合初学者。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "この雑誌は、若い女性向けに作られている。",
          "zh": "这本杂志是面向年轻女性制作的。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "子ども向けの番組だが、大人が見ても十分楽しめる。",
          "zh": "这是面向孩子的节目，但大人看也很有趣。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#muki-muke",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "55bba1ef89b9ce7b301bdee3ba774ae52d38e3daf20e8d4a4c1c95e3da10a113"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "gachi",
    "pattern": "〜がち",
    "romaji": "gachi",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "tend to; be prone to; often",
    "formation": "Verb-stem / Noun + がち",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "冬になると、つい家にこもりがちになる。",
        "furigana": "{冬|ふゆ}になると、つい{家|いえ}にこもりがちになる。",
        "en": "When winter comes, I tend to stay cooped up at home."
      },
      {
        "ja": "娘は小さいころ病気がちだったが、今はとても元気だ。",
        "furigana": "{娘|むすめ}は{小|ちい}さいころ{病気|びょうき}がちだったが、{今|いま}はとても{元気|げんき}だ。",
        "en": "My daughter was often sick when she was little, but now she's very healthy."
      },
      {
        "ja": "一人暮らしだと、野菜が不足しがちです。",
        "furigana": "{一人暮|ひとりぐ}らしだと、{野菜|やさい}が{不足|ふそく}しがちです。",
        "en": "When you live alone, you tend not to get enough vegetables."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "tendency"
    ],
    "notes": "A frequent tendency toward something undesirable. Compare 〜やすい (easily happens, can be neutral) and 〜気味 (a slight sign of a condition now).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "c2cb093e53a907bb338619da020040067943b5cd0647800a5016f84602b72d4e",
      "meanings": [
        "容易……",
        "往往……"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ます形去ます／名词＋がち",
      "explanation": "表示经常出现某种倾向，通常是不理想的情况。",
      "notes": "与表示轻微状态的〜気味不同。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "冬になると、つい家にこもりがちになる。",
          "zh": "一到冬天就容易待在家里不出门。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "娘は小さいころ病気がちだったが、今はとても元気だ。",
          "zh": "女儿小时候常生病，现在很健康。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "一人暮らしだと、野菜が不足しがちです。",
          "zh": "一个人生活容易摄入蔬菜不足。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#gachi",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "d85c519fe2f0dda0c0d342b3c59d9631f1b9e580a6baddfaf8754e02a61c31e6"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "gimi",
    "pattern": "〜気味",
    "reading": "〜ぎみ",
    "romaji": "gimi",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "a touch of; slightly; somewhat (in that condition)",
    "formation": "Noun / Verb-stem + 気味",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "少し風邪気味なので、今日は早めに帰ります。",
        "furigana": "{少|すこ}し{風邪|かぜ}{気味|ぎみ}なので、{今日|きょう}は{早|はや}めに{帰|かえ}ります。",
        "en": "I have a bit of a cold, so I'll head home early today."
      },
      {
        "ja": "最近、仕事が忙しくて疲れ気味だ。",
        "furigana": "{最近|さいきん}、{仕事|しごと}が{忙|いそが}しくて{疲|つか}れ{気味|ぎみ}だ。",
        "en": "Work has been busy lately, and I'm feeling a little worn out."
      },
      {
        "ja": "人手が足りず、工事は予定より遅れ気味だ。",
        "furigana": "{人手|ひとで}が{足|た}りず、{工事|こうじ}は{予定|よてい}より{遅|おく}れ{気味|ぎみ}だ。",
        "en": "They're short-handed, so the construction is running a little behind schedule."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "tendency",
      "degree",
      "state"
    ],
    "notes": "A slight sign of a (usually negative) condition at present. Compare 〜がち, which means something happens often.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "5d08763f125aa653a24729ce5b828f2395ec9c537239d850fd043ee2803685e5",
      "meanings": [
        "有点……",
        "略微……"
      ],
      "formation": "名词／动词ます形去ます＋気味",
      "explanation": "表示略有某种状态或迹象，通常不太理想。",
      "notes": "〜がち侧重经常发生的倾向。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "少し風邪気味なので、今日は早めに帰ります。",
          "zh": "我有点感冒，今天早点回去。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "最近、仕事が忙しくて疲れ気味だ。",
          "zh": "最近工作忙，有点疲惫。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "人手が足りず、工事は予定より遅れ気味だ。",
          "zh": "因为人手不足，工程进度比预定的略慢。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#gimi",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "35243934816977367d60d5a40f8d9604dfde667181560003a060516e7a86224d"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "darake",
    "pattern": "〜だらけ",
    "romaji": "darake",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "full of; covered with; riddled with",
    "formation": "Noun + だらけ",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "子どもたちは、泥だらけになって帰ってきた。",
        "furigana": "{子|こ}どもたちは、{泥|どろ}だらけになって{帰|かえ}ってきた。",
        "en": "The children came home covered in mud."
      },
      {
        "ja": "急いで書いたレポートは、間違いだらけだった。",
        "furigana": "{急|いそ}いで{書|か}いたレポートは、{間違|まちが}いだらけだった。",
        "en": "The report I wrote in a hurry was full of mistakes."
      },
      {
        "ja": "引っ越したばかりで、部屋はまだ段ボールだらけだ。",
        "furigana": "{引|ひ}っ{越|こ}したばかりで、{部屋|へや}はまだ{段|だん}ボールだらけだ。",
        "en": "I've just moved, so my place is still full of cardboard boxes."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "quantity",
      "state"
    ],
    "notes": "An unpleasantly large amount of something covering or filling a place; usually negative. Compare N1 〜まみれ (covered in something sticky or dirty).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "a0e83f2e2a7e9e07fb326147b9bd8b8d6ce20d33f0dd019b586374c20734fb5d",
      "meanings": [
        "满是……",
        "沾满……"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋だらけ",
      "explanation": "表示某处到处都是某物或被某物覆盖，通常带负面评价。",
      "notes": "常用于泥、错误等不受欢迎的事物。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "子どもたちは、泥だらけになって帰ってきた。",
          "zh": "孩子们浑身是泥地回来了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "急いで書いたレポートは、間違いだらけだった。",
          "zh": "匆忙写的报告里满是错误。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "引っ越したばかりで、部屋はまだ段ボールだらけだ。",
          "zh": "刚搬完家，房间里还到处是纸箱。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#darake",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "30249c94524970f54be55acb4ad9f654c0d832d84f8f9c8abd9a09438e8dad75"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "kiru-kirenai",
    "pattern": "〜切る / 〜切れない",
    "reading": "〜きる / 〜きれない",
    "romaji": "kiru / kirenai",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "do completely; finish / can't finish; too many to",
    "formation": "Verb-stem + 切る / Verb-stem + 切れない",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "三時間かけて、長い小説を最後まで読み切った。",
        "furigana": "{三|さん}{時間|じかん}かけて、{長|なが}い{小説|しょうせつ}を{最後|さいご}まで{読|よ}み{切|き}った。",
        "en": "It took three hours, but I read the long novel right to the end."
      },
      {
        "ja": "注文しすぎて、料理を食べ切れなかった。",
        "furigana": "{注文|ちゅうもん}しすぎて、{料理|りょうり}を{食|た}べ{切|き}れなかった。",
        "en": "We ordered too much and couldn't finish all the food."
      },
      {
        "ja": "山の上では、数え切れないほどの星が見えた。",
        "furigana": "{山|やま}の{上|うえ}では、{数|かぞ}え{切|き}れないほどの{星|ほし}が{見|み}えた。",
        "en": "From the mountaintop we could see more stars than we could count."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "completion",
      "ability"
    ],
    "notes": "Doing something through to the very end. Also describes a total state: 疲れ切る ('be utterly exhausted'). Often written in kana: 〜きる / 〜きれない.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "8d980e737066dbfc615ecb19029b905226deb1ae19ff70ba18d22c91f577b664",
      "meanings": [
        "做完",
        "无法全部做完"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ます形去ます＋切る／切れない",
      "explanation": "表示彻底完成某动作，否定形式表示无法全部完成。",
      "notes": "也可表示达到极限，如疲れ切る。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "三時間かけて、長い小説を最後まで読み切った。",
          "zh": "花了三个小时，把长篇小说读完了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "注文しすぎて、料理を食べ切れなかった。",
          "zh": "点得太多，没能把菜吃完。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "山の上では、数え切れないほどの星が見えた。",
          "zh": "从山顶看到了数不清的星星。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#kiru-kirenai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "5e6d015193ce64a2fbfabde1800a96a281ed48a34e8b1d03c2f6e6e4074afed5"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "kakeru",
    "pattern": "〜かける",
    "romaji": "kakeru",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "half-done; start to; be about to",
    "formation": "Verb-stem + かける / Verb-stem + かけの + Noun",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "読みかけの本が、机の上に置いてある。",
        "furigana": "{読|よ}みかけの{本|ほん}が、{机|つくえ}の{上|うえ}に{置|お}いてある。",
        "en": "There's a half-read book on the desk."
      },
      {
        "ja": "彼女は何か言いかけたが、そのまま黙ってしまった。",
        "furigana": "{彼女|かのじょ}は{何|なに}か{言|い}いかけたが、そのまま{黙|だま}ってしまった。",
        "en": "She started to say something, but then fell silent."
      },
      {
        "ja": "この花は枯れかけていたが、水をやったら元気になった。",
        "furigana": "この{花|はな}は{枯|か}れかけていたが、{水|みず}をやったら{元気|げんき}になった。",
        "en": "This flower was starting to wilt, but it perked up after I watered it."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "completion",
      "state"
    ],
    "notes": "An action has started but isn't finished, or something is on the verge of happening (死にかける). Verb-stem + かけの + noun describes the half-finished thing.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "50397ef71a9a7eda4b57045aadbababf3082236b8b2e2e0451e8367edaaa1733",
      "meanings": [
        "做到一半",
        "刚要……"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ます形去ます＋かける／かけの＋名词",
      "explanation": "表示动作已开始但未完成，或某事即将发生。",
      "notes": "〜かけの修饰未完成的事物。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "読みかけの本が、机の上に置いてある。",
          "zh": "桌上放着一本读了一半的书。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "彼女は何か言いかけたが、そのまま黙ってしまった。",
          "zh": "她刚想说什么，却又沉默了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "この花は枯れかけていたが、水をやったら元気になった。",
          "zh": "这株花快要枯萎了，浇水后又恢复了精神。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#kakeru",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "f9a0b2bb986c7f76a32dc058f3be49c51a034faf7a2d636ebe092708b1e2878c"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "au",
    "pattern": "〜合う",
    "reading": "〜あう",
    "romaji": "au",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "do to each other; do together",
    "formation": "Verb-stem + 合う",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "困ったときは、お互いに助け合いましょう。",
        "furigana": "{困|こま}ったときは、お{互|たが}いに{助|たす}け{合|あ}いましょう。",
        "en": "Let's help each other out when things get tough."
      },
      {
        "ja": "旅行の計画について、家族で話し合った。",
        "furigana": "{旅行|りょこう}の{計画|けいかく}について、{家族|かぞく}で{話|はな}し{合|あ}った。",
        "en": "We talked over the travel plans as a family."
      },
      {
        "ja": "優勝が決まると、選手たちは抱き合って喜んだ。",
        "furigana": "{優勝|ゆうしょう}が{決|き}まると、{選手|せんしゅ}たちは{抱|だ}き{合|あ}って{喜|よろこ}んだ。",
        "en": "When their victory was confirmed, the players hugged each other in joy."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "manner",
      "relation"
    ],
    "notes": "Reciprocal or shared action. Many compounds are set words: 話し合う, 知り合う, 付き合う, 助け合う.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "62a8ffde2bfd74fcb0f93c378e6305357d162daa1573320069eefd2c49356d71",
      "meanings": [
        "互相……",
        "共同……"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ます形去ます＋合う",
      "explanation": "表示彼此或共同进行某动作。",
      "notes": "常见复合动词有助け合う、話し合う。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "困ったときは、お互いに助け合いましょう。",
          "zh": "遇到困难时，让我们互相帮助吧。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "旅行の計画について、家族で話し合った。",
          "zh": "家人一起商量了旅行计划。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "優勝が決まると、選手たちは抱き合って喜んだ。",
          "zh": "确定夺冠后，选手们高兴地相拥。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#au",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "1623a745708b5896f2919f9355fe093b13358c10e499769bb46b9243dc332584"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "naosu",
    "pattern": "〜直す",
    "reading": "〜なおす",
    "romaji": "naosu",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "redo; do over again (to fix or improve)",
    "formation": "Verb-stem + 直す",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "名前を間違えたので、書類を書き直した。",
        "furigana": "{名前|なまえ}を{間違|まちが}えたので、{書類|しょるい}を{書|か}き{直|なお}した。",
        "en": "I got the name wrong, so I rewrote the document."
      },
      {
        "ja": "すみません、電波が悪いので、あとでかけ直します。",
        "furigana": "すみません、{電波|でんぱ}が{悪|わる}いので、あとでかけ{直|なお}します。",
        "en": "Sorry, the signal's bad, so I'll call you back later."
      },
      {
        "ja": "一度はあきらめた夢だが、もう一度考え直してみることにした。",
        "furigana": "{一|いち}{度|ど}はあきらめた{夢|ゆめ}だが、もう{一度|いちど}{考|かんが}え{直|なお}してみることにした。",
        "en": "It's a dream I once gave up on, but I've decided to reconsider it."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "change",
      "attempt"
    ],
    "notes": "Doing something again in order to correct or improve it. Plain repetition (もう一度〜する) doesn't carry that sense of fixing.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "7188b989fb2343d8134ed395769ab6ae961064f833d6283397874b91d46aea75",
      "meanings": [
        "重新做……"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ます形去ます＋直す",
      "explanation": "为了修正或改善而重新做某事。",
      "notes": "比单纯的もう一度〜する更强调重新处理。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "名前を間違えたので、書類を書き直した。",
          "zh": "因为名字写错了，我重写了文件。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "すみません、電波が悪いので、あとでかけ直します。",
          "zh": "不好意思，信号不好，我过会儿再打给您。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "一度はあきらめた夢だが、もう一度考え直してみることにした。",
          "zh": "这个梦想我曾经放弃，但决定重新考虑一次。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#naosu",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "18fe75efc0f3a4ad7e7a9bc84bc96f74ebb57215bbe629b12432873c4fc2ddc1"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "zurai",
    "pattern": "〜づらい",
    "romaji": "zurai",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "hard to; difficult or uncomfortable to",
    "formation": "Verb-stem + づらい",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "この靴は少し小さくて、歩きづらい。",
        "furigana": "この{靴|くつ}は{少|すこ}し{小|ちい}さくて、{歩|ある}きづらい。",
        "en": "These shoes are a bit small, so they're hard to walk in."
      },
      {
        "ja": "先輩にお金を貸してほしいとは、ちょっと言いづらい。",
        "furigana": "{先輩|せんぱい}にお{金|かね}を{貸|か}してほしいとは、ちょっと{言|い}いづらい。",
        "en": "It's a bit awkward to ask a senior colleague to lend me money."
      },
      {
        "ja": "字が小さくて読みづらいので、もう少し大きくしてもらえますか。",
        "furigana": "{字|じ}が{小|ちい}さくて{読|よ}みづらいので、もう{少|すこ}し{大|おお}きくしてもらえますか。",
        "en": "The text is too small to read comfortably. Could you make it a bit bigger?"
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "degree",
      "emotion"
    ],
    "notes": "Stresses the doer's physical or psychological discomfort. 〜にくい (N4) is more objective, describing a thing's nature. Formal N2: 〜がたい.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "b5c998d231eeaef076422e8da1794d969f6fe07c3004eab052ba155c41f9c0a8",
      "meanings": [
        "难以……",
        "做起来不舒服"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ます形去ます＋づらい",
      "explanation": "表示做某事在身体或心理上有困难、不舒服。",
      "notes": "〜にくい也表示难做，常侧重客观困难。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "この靴は少し小さくて、歩きづらい。",
          "zh": "这双鞋有点小，走路不舒服。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "先輩にお金を貸してほしいとは、ちょっと言いづらい。",
          "zh": "向前辈开口借钱有点难为情。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "字が小さくて読みづらいので、もう少し大きくしてもらえますか。",
          "zh": "字太小，不太容易读，能调大一点吗？"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#zurai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "8dff86dd377dd89644edfc49e9d1e829f781cf784be4525970f76c50a71fccf6"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "beki-da-beki-de-wa-nai",
    "pattern": "〜べきだ / 〜べきではない",
    "romaji": "beki da / beki de wa nai",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "should; ought to / should not",
    "formation": "Verb-dict + べきだ / Verb-dict + べきではない",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "自分が悪いと思ったら、すぐに謝るべきだ。",
        "furigana": "{自分|じぶん}が{悪|わる}いと{思|おも}ったら、すぐに{謝|あやま}るべきだ。",
        "en": "If you think you were in the wrong, you should apologize right away."
      },
      {
        "ja": "環境のために、私たちはもっとエネルギーを大切に使うべきだ。",
        "furigana": "{環境|かんきょう}のために、{私|わたし}たちはもっとエネルギーを{大切|たいせつ}に{使|つか}うべきだ。",
        "en": "For the sake of the environment, we should use energy more carefully."
      },
      {
        "ja": "病院の中では、大きな声で話すべきではない。",
        "furigana": "{病院|びょういん}の{中|なか}では、{大|おお}きな{声|こえ}で{話|はな}すべきではない。",
        "en": "You shouldn't talk loudly inside a hospital."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "obligation",
      "advice"
    ],
    "notes": "A strong opinion about what is right or one's duty; too blunt to use toward superiors. する → すべき or するべき. Compare 〜ほうがいい (advice) and 〜ものだ (social norm).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "c43296f0c8f57d12f6b883674ba613b52056b4b78ee1ad55c8ade5695d1d89a0",
      "meanings": [
        "应该……",
        "不应该……"
      ],
      "formation": "动词辞书形＋べきだ／べきではない",
      "explanation": "表达对义务或正确做法的强烈判断。",
      "notes": "する可接すべき或するべき；对上级使用可能过于直接。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "自分が悪いと思ったら、すぐに謝るべきだ。",
          "zh": "如果觉得自己做错了，就应该马上道歉。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "環境のために、私たちはもっとエネルギーを大切に使うべきだ。",
          "zh": "为了环境，我们应该更加节约能源。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "病院の中では、大きな声で話すべきではない。",
          "zh": "在医院里不应该大声说话。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#beki-da-beki-de-wa-nai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "2da7522028115a359086a5fcaf640d2629c351f755b88dae5bcec8c13b7ce6d4"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "hodo-wa-nai",
    "pattern": "〜ほど〜はない",
    "romaji": "hodo ... wa nai",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "nothing is as ... as; there's no ... like",
    "formation": "Noun + ほど + i-Adj / na-Adj + な + Noun + はない",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "仕事の後に飲む冷たいビールほどおいしいものはない。",
        "furigana": "{仕事|しごと}の{後|あと}に{飲|の}む{冷|つめ}たいビールほどおいしいものはない。",
        "en": "Nothing tastes as good as an ice-cold beer after work."
      },
      {
        "ja": "この町で、あの店ほど安くておいしいラーメン屋はない。",
        "furigana": "この{町|まち}で、あの{店|みせ}ほど{安|やす}くておいしいラーメン{屋|や}はない。",
        "en": "There's no ramen shop in this town as cheap and tasty as that one."
      },
      {
        "ja": "健康ほど大切なものはないと、病気になって気づいた。",
        "furigana": "{健康|けんこう}ほど{大切|たいせつ}なものはないと、{病気|びょうき}になって{気|き}づいた。",
        "en": "When I got sick, I realized that nothing is as important as good health."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "comparison",
      "emphasis"
    ],
    "notes": "Says X is the most ... of all, usually from personal experience or feeling. Also 〜くらい〜はない.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "3f4f02f9ccc9ca8505a0381e929ab52d126905379fda43aa8a067954ad28042d",
      "meanings": [
        "没有比……更……的"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋ほど＋形容词＋名词＋はない",
      "explanation": "通过否定其他同等程度的事物来强调最高程度。",
      "notes": "也可用〜くらい〜はない。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "仕事の後に飲む冷たいビールほどおいしいものはない。",
          "zh": "没有比下班后喝的冰啤酒更美味的了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "この町で、あの店ほど安くておいしいラーメン屋はない。",
          "zh": "这镇上没有哪家拉面店比那家更便宜又好吃。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "健康ほど大切なものはないと、病気になって気づいた。",
          "zh": "生病后我才意识到，没有什么比健康更重要。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#hodo-wa-nai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "2fa2185d6e88304be361309b1eae63a377c523c436b62634cae512722f79fda3"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "shika-nai-no-choice",
    "pattern": "〜しかない",
    "romaji": "shika nai (no choice)",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "have no choice but to; can only",
    "formation": "Verb-dict + しかない",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "終電に乗り遅れたから、タクシーで帰るしかない。",
        "furigana": "{終電|しゅうでん}に{乗|の}り{遅|おく}れたから、タクシーで{帰|かえ}るしかない。",
        "en": "I missed the last train, so I have no choice but to take a taxi home."
      },
      {
        "ja": "誰も手伝ってくれないなら、一人でやるしかない。",
        "furigana": "{誰|だれ}も{手伝|てつだ}ってくれないなら、{一人|ひとり}でやるしかない。",
        "en": "If nobody will help me, I'll just have to do it myself."
      },
      {
        "ja": "ここまで来たら、もう最後まで頑張るしかないね。",
        "furigana": "ここまで{来|き}たら、もう{最後|さいご}まで{頑張|がんば}るしかないね。",
        "en": "Now that we've come this far, all we can do is give it our all to the end."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "necessity",
      "limitation"
    ],
    "notes": "No other option exists, so the speaker accepts this one. Differs from Noun + しか〜ない ('only'). Formal N2 equivalent: 〜ほかない.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "63a25b45a3ba1112a012131b2b544a81702d3a0a7328bf8238c7624783dbab97",
      "meanings": [
        "只好……",
        "别无选择"
      ],
      "formation": "动词辞书形＋しかない",
      "explanation": "表示没有其他办法，只能选择这一做法。",
      "notes": "不同于名词＋しか〜ない表示数量上的“只有”。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "終電に乗り遅れたから、タクシーで帰るしかない。",
          "zh": "错过末班电车，只好坐出租车回家。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "誰も手伝ってくれないなら、一人でやるしかない。",
          "zh": "如果没人帮忙，就只能一个人做了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "ここまで来たら、もう最後まで頑張るしかないね。",
          "zh": "既然走到这一步，就只能坚持到底了。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#shika-nai-no-choice",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "4769160f1477a7d8271dcdeccc59094c83ffc8b6a30b17f47f0f309aedc409a8"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "made-even",
    "pattern": "〜まで（even）",
    "romaji": "made (even)",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "even (an extreme case)",
    "formation": "Noun + まで / Noun + にまで",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "最近は、小学生までスマホを持っている。",
        "furigana": "{最近|さいきん}は、{小学生|しょうがくせい}までスマホを{持|も}っている。",
        "en": "These days even elementary school kids have smartphones."
      },
      {
        "ja": "親友にまでうそをつかれて、とてもショックだった。",
        "furigana": "{親友|しんゆう}にまでうそをつかれて、とてもショックだった。",
        "en": "I was really shocked that even my best friend lied to me."
      },
      {
        "ja": "雨だけでなく、風まで強くなってきた。",
        "furigana": "{雨|あめ}だけでなく、{風|かぜ}まで{強|つよ}くなってきた。",
        "en": "It's not just the rain; now even the wind is getting stronger."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "emphasis",
      "addition"
    ],
    "notes": "Adds an extreme item on top of others, often with surprise or dismay. Compare 〜さえ, which picks out one extreme example on its own.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "cff2f5c825d94fcf0f20a3f43823df1248b038bf1cf6bf3950b68d5d2e720cad",
      "meanings": [
        "甚至连……"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋まで／名词＋にまで",
      "explanation": "增加一个出乎意料或程度极端的例子。",
      "notes": "常带惊讶或失望的语气。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "最近は、小学生までスマホを持っている。",
          "zh": "如今连小学生都有智能手机。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "親友にまでうそをつかれて、とてもショックだった。",
          "zh": "连最好的朋友都骗我，我很震惊。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "雨だけでなく、風まで強くなってきた。",
          "zh": "不仅雨大了起来，连风也变强了。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#made-even",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "43d886e91e7c356cbaf0f73d3b4a694369a60c9aa4ab47f9110c2350103eed15"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "tokoro-datta",
    "pattern": "〜ところだった",
    "romaji": "tokoro datta",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "almost; nearly (but didn't)",
    "formation": "Verb-dict + ところだった",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "考え事をしていて、もう少しで車にひかれるところだった。",
        "furigana": "{考|かんが}え{事|ごと}をしていて、もう{少|すこ}しで{車|くるま}にひかれるところだった。",
        "en": "I was lost in thought and nearly got hit by a car."
      },
      {
        "ja": "目覚ましが鳴らなくて、危うく飛行機に乗り遅れるところだった。",
        "furigana": "{目覚|めざ}ましが{鳴|な}らなくて、{危|あや}うく{飛行機|ひこうき}に{乗|の}り{遅|おく}れるところだった。",
        "en": "My alarm didn't go off, and I very nearly missed my flight."
      },
      {
        "ja": "君が教えてくれなかったら、大事な書類を出し忘れるところだったよ。",
        "furigana": "{君|きみ}が{教|おし}えてくれなかったら、{大事|だいじ}な{書類|しょるい}を{出|だ}し{忘|わす}れるところだったよ。",
        "en": "If you hadn't reminded me, I would have forgotten to hand in the important documents."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "result",
      "possibility"
    ],
    "notes": "Something (usually bad) came very close to happening but didn't. Often with もう少しで, 危うく or a 〜たら clause. Compare 〜そうになった.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "dac2810e778e863128863e07c8c5610f5d54a3178b5f427bf0e9adbf26e4a61a",
      "meanings": [
        "差点就……"
      ],
      "formation": "动词辞书形＋ところだった",
      "explanation": "表示某事险些发生，最终没有发生。",
      "notes": "常与もう少しで、危うく等连用。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "考え事をしていて、もう少しで車にひかれるところだった。",
          "zh": "我正想着事情，差点被车撞了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "目覚ましが鳴らなくて、危うく飛行機に乗り遅れるところだった。",
          "zh": "闹钟没响，我差点误了飞机。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "君が教えてくれなかったら、大事な書類を出し忘れるところだったよ。",
          "zh": "要不是你提醒，我差点忘了交重要文件。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#tokoro-datta",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "649cc6801989f9fdcd4979eb323ca264b6fdd09c45105fd3b1278bc9891d16e7"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "kara-to-itte",
    "pattern": "〜からといって",
    "romaji": "kara to itte",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "just because (... doesn't mean); simply because",
    "formation": "Sentence + からといって",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "日本人だからといって、みんなが敬語を正しく使えるわけではない。",
        "furigana": "{日本人|にほんじん}だからといって、みんなが{敬語|けいご}を{正|ただ}しく{使|つか}えるわけではない。",
        "en": "Just because someone is Japanese doesn't mean they can use keigo correctly."
      },
      {
        "ja": "忙しいからといって、朝ご飯を食べないのは体によくない。",
        "furigana": "{忙|いそが}しいからといって、{朝|あさ}ご{飯|はん}を{食|た}べないのは{体|からだ}によくない。",
        "en": "Skipping breakfast just because you're busy isn't good for you."
      },
      {
        "ja": "一回負けたからといって、あきらめる必要はない。",
        "furigana": "{一回|いっかい}{負|ま}けたからといって、あきらめる{必要|ひつよう}はない。",
        "en": "There's no need to give up just because you lost once."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "concession",
      "reason"
    ],
    "notes": "Denies that a reason automatically leads to a conclusion. Usually followed by a negative such as 〜わけではない or 〜とは限らない. Casual: 〜からって.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "cc0aa852de9984d5c0334d12ba3930ffe202d5947e54b6146188f87f20c8af2e",
      "meanings": [
        "不能因为……就……"
      ],
      "formation": "句子＋からといって",
      "explanation": "表示前项理由不能自然地推出后项结论或成为充分借口。",
      "notes": "后面常接否定判断；口语可说からって。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "日本人だからといって、みんなが敬語を正しく使えるわけではない。",
          "zh": "不能因为是日本人，就认为人人都能正确使用敬语。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "忙しいからといって、朝ご飯を食べないのは体によくない。",
          "zh": "因为忙就不吃早饭对身体不好。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "一回負けたからといって、あきらめる必要はない。",
          "zh": "没有必要因为输了一次就放弃。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#kara-to-itte",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "bdb30ac188c7850aa85b27e8307ff74fa759ec7ce0aa6121d05a6fde0088be2f"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "toori-ni-doori-ni",
    "pattern": "〜とおりに / 〜どおりに",
    "romaji": "toori ni / doori ni",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "as; in the way that; exactly as",
    "formation": "Verb-dict / Verb-ta / Noun + の + とおりに / Noun + どおりに",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "説明書に書いてあるとおりに組み立てたのに、うまく動かない。",
        "furigana": "{説明|せつめい}{書|しょ}に{書|か}いてあるとおりに{組|く}み{立|た}てたのに、うまく{動|うご}かない。",
        "en": "I put it together exactly as the manual says, but it doesn't work properly."
      },
      {
        "ja": "先生が言ったとおり、試験には去年と似た問題が出た。",
        "furigana": "{先生|せんせい}が{言|い}ったとおり、{試験|しけん}には{去年|きょねん}と{似|に}た{問題|もんだい}が{出|で}た。",
        "en": "Just as the teacher said, questions similar to last year's came up on the exam."
      },
      {
        "ja": "工事は予定どおりに進んでいる。",
        "furigana": "{工事|こうじ}は{予定|よてい}どおりに{進|すす}んでいる。",
        "en": "The construction is going according to schedule."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "manner"
    ],
    "notes": "Doing something exactly like a model, instruction or prediction. Directly after a noun it becomes どおり (予定どおり, 思いどおり). に is often dropped. そのとおりだ = 'exactly'.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "1e9945226785520fdbc49b8755eebd5698bdb7af09afef71a0cfa3e03bde96a8",
      "meanings": [
        "按照……",
        "正如……"
      ],
      "formation": "动词辞书形・た形／名词＋の＋とおりに；名词＋どおりに",
      "explanation": "表示按照范例、指示或预想进行。",
      "notes": "に常省略；そのとおりだ表示“正是如此”。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "説明書に書いてあるとおりに組み立てたのに、うまく動かない。",
          "zh": "明明按说明书组装了，却不能正常运转。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "先生が言ったとおり、試験には去年と似た問題が出た。",
          "zh": "正如老师所说，考试中出现了和去年类似的题目。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "工事は予定どおりに進んでいる。",
          "zh": "工程正按计划推进。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#toori-ni-doori-ni",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "9b513883533dbec889e9a4ee3571c9575169f9441ed5f862b48b9a321d57f9eb"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "nanka-nante",
    "pattern": "〜なんか / 〜なんて",
    "romaji": "nanka / nante",
    "level": "N3",
    "meaning": "things like; the likes of (dismissive or humble); how ...! (surprise)",
    "formation": "Noun + なんか / Noun + なんて / Sentence + なんて",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "私なんか、まだまだ初心者です。",
        "furigana": "{私|わたし}なんか、まだまだ{初心者|しょしんしゃ}です。",
        "en": "Someone like me is still just a beginner."
      },
      {
        "ja": "幽霊なんて、いるわけがないよ。",
        "furigana": "{幽霊|ゆうれい}なんて、いるわけがないよ。",
        "en": "Ghosts? There's no way they exist."
      },
      {
        "ja": "あの二人が結婚するなんて、びっくりした。",
        "furigana": "あの{二人|ふたり}が{結婚|けっこん}するなんて、びっくりした。",
        "en": "Those two are getting married? I was so surprised!"
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "emphasis",
      "surprise",
      "casual"
    ],
    "notes": "Casual version of など with a dismissive, humble or surprised tone. なんか also softens suggestions (お茶なんかどう？). Sentence + なんて shows surprise or disbelief.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "c6f65a36bca2e02929d68d6ea756aab82c9d18bf183ffc96bbb6b683661a3153",
      "meanings": [
        "……之类",
        "竟然……"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋なんか／なんて；句子＋なんて",
      "explanation": "口语中表示举例、自谦、轻视或惊讶。",
      "notes": "なんか也可缓和提议；句子＋なんて可表达惊讶。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "私なんか、まだまだ初心者です。",
          "zh": "像我这样的人，还只是个初学者。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "幽霊なんて、いるわけがないよ。",
          "zh": "鬼？根本不可能存在。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "あの二人が結婚するなんて、びっくりした。",
          "zh": "那两个人竟然要结婚，真让我吃惊。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n3.json#nanka-nante",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "04253c791f8bc9fe446df1fcee7a7758fece8995250904584bdcd7b56902c8a0"
    }
  }
]