[ { "id": "ageru-kureru-morau", "pattern": "あげる / くれる / もらう", "romaji": "ageru / kureru / morau", "level": "N4", "meaning": "give (to someone else); give (to me or my group); receive", "formation": "Noun (receiver) + に + Noun + を + あげる / Noun (giver) + が + Noun + を + くれる / Noun (giver) + に + Noun + を + もらう", "examples": [ { "ja": "私は弟に古いゲームをあげた。", "furigana": "{私|わたし}は{弟|おとうと}に{古|ふる}いゲームをあげた。", "en": "I gave my old game to my little brother." }, { "ja": "姉が誕生日にかわいいかばんをくれました。", "furigana": "{姉|あね}が{誕生|たんじょう}{日|び}にかわいいかばんをくれました。", "en": "My older sister gave me a cute bag for my birthday." }, { "ja": "友達から旅行のおみやげをもらった。", "furigana": "{友達|ともだち}から{旅行|りょこう}のおみやげをもらった。", "en": "I got a souvenir from my friend's trip." } ], "tags": [ "giving-receiving" ], "notes": "くれる is used only when the receiver is the speaker or someone in the speaker's group. With もらう the giver can be marked with に or から.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "37fc6ae3038a18c36d93616dc845e9bbba1a141063af4a7debab57ee04e3b22a", "meanings": [ "给别人", "给我方", "从别人处得到" ], "formation": "给予者＋は／が＋接受者＋に＋物品＋を＋あげる／くれる；接受者＋は／が＋给予者＋に／から＋物品＋を＋もらう", "explanation": "あげる从给予者角度表示给别人；くれる表示别人给说话人或说话人一方；もらう从接受者角度表示得到。", "notes": "先确定给予者、接受者和说话人的立场。くれる常表示给我方，也可用于说话人将受益者视为自己一方的语境。", "examples": [ { "ja": "私は弟に古いゲームをあげた。", "zh": "我把旧游戏给了弟弟。" }, { "ja": "姉が誕生日にかわいいかばんをくれました。", "zh": "姐姐在我生日时送了我一个可爱的包。" }, { "ja": "友達から旅行のおみやげをもらった。", "zh": "我收到了朋友旅行带回的礼物。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#ageru-kureru-morau", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review", "https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/project/japanese/teach/tsushin/grammar/201409.html", "https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/project/japanese/teach/tsushin/grammar/201412.html" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "0fcf41043a6d61c1116a39ec70bac2e1306765af6e903551c177fd3467aa4f4f" } }, { "id": "te-ageru", "pattern": "〜てあげる", "romaji": "te ageru", "level": "N4", "meaning": "do something for someone (as a favor)", "formation": "Verb-te + あげる", "examples": [ { "ja": "妹の宿題を手伝ってあげました。", "furigana": "{妹|いもうと}の{宿題|しゅくだい}を{手伝|てつだ}ってあげました。", "en": "I helped my little sister with her homework." }, { "ja": "道に迷っている人に、駅までの行き方を教えてあげた。", "furigana": "{道|みち}に{迷|まよ}っている{人|ひと}に、{駅|えき}までの{行|い}き{方|かた}を{教|おし}えてあげた。", "en": "I showed someone who was lost how to get to the station." }, { "ja": "重そうだね。持ってあげようか。", "furigana": "{重|おも}そうだね。{持|も}ってあげようか。", "en": "That looks heavy. Want me to carry it for you?" } ], "tags": [ "giving-receiving" ], "notes": "Said directly to a superior it can sound condescending; use the humble お〜しましょうか (お持ちしましょうか) instead.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "4a3e646b4bc0e0437258e7da79d12c1ed51cb3dfde65cea35de8e2bddcd48064", "meanings": [ "为别人做……" ], "formation": "动词て形＋あげる", "explanation": "从提供帮助者的角度说明替别人做某事，带有让对方受益的意味。", "notes": "直接对长辈说てあげる有时显得居高临下；是否合适取决于关系和语境。", "examples": [ { "ja": "妹の宿題を手伝ってあげました。", "zh": "我帮妹妹做作业了。" }, { "ja": "道に迷っている人に、駅までの行き方を教えてあげた。", "zh": "我告诉了迷路的人去车站怎么走。" }, { "ja": "重そうだね。持ってあげようか。", "zh": "看起来很重呢。要我帮你拿吗？" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#te-ageru", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review", "https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/project/japanese/teach/tsushin/grammar/201409.html", "https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/project/japanese/teach/tsushin/grammar/201412.html" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "69c668e3fd1a3e9cf95182001093d618b3f21801081a8082f335e6e5f733d083" } }, { "id": "te-kureru", "pattern": "〜てくれる", "romaji": "te kureru", "level": "N4", "meaning": "someone does something for me (or my group)", "formation": "Verb-te + くれる", "examples": [ { "ja": "友達が引っ越しを手伝ってくれた。", "furigana": "{友達|ともだち}が{引|ひ}っ{越|こ}しを{手伝|てつだ}ってくれた。", "en": "A friend helped me move." }, { "ja": "父が駅まで車で送ってくれました。", "furigana": "{父|ちち}が{駅|えき}まで{車|くるま}で{送|おく}ってくれました。", "en": "My father drove me to the station." }, { "ja": "母が毎朝お弁当を作ってくれます。", "furigana": "{母|はは}が{毎朝|まいあさ}お{弁当|べんとう}を{作|つく}ってくれます。", "en": "My mother makes me a boxed lunch every morning." } ], "tags": [ "giving-receiving" ], "notes": "The subject is the person doing the favor; the one who benefits is the speaker or someone close to them.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "8f23f4cf953c6158a3224725d7c105abe528787f7f72e4c65dceb7abba88865e", "meanings": [ "别人为我或我方做……" ], "formation": "动词て形＋くれる", "explanation": "从受益的一方描述他人的行动，常表达感谢或对帮助的认可。", "notes": "主语通常是提供帮助的人；主语省略时由上下文补足。", "examples": [ { "ja": "友達が引っ越しを手伝ってくれた。", "zh": "朋友帮我搬家了。" }, { "ja": "父が駅まで車で送ってくれました。", "zh": "爸爸开车把我送到车站了。" }, { "ja": "母が毎朝お弁当を作ってくれます。", "zh": "妈妈每天早上给我做便当。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#te-kureru", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review", "https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/project/japanese/teach/tsushin/grammar/201409.html", "https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/project/japanese/teach/tsushin/grammar/201412.html" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "8db5b945abd8b9d187b32a71de2e59cb04effa566656b13a7e577fff38ca45b2" } }, { "id": "te-morau", "pattern": "〜てもらう", "romaji": "te morau", "level": "N4", "meaning": "have someone do something (for me); get someone to do", "formation": "Verb-te + もらう", "examples": [ { "ja": "先輩にレポートを見てもらった。", "furigana": "{先輩|せんぱい}にレポートを{見|み}てもらった。", "en": "I had a senior student look over my report." }, { "ja": "友達に写真を撮ってもらった。", "furigana": "{友達|ともだち}に{写真|しゃしん}を{撮|と}ってもらった。", "en": "I had a friend take my picture." }, { "ja": "分からないところを先生に説明してもらいました。", "furigana": "{分|わ}からないところを{先生|せんせい}に{説明|せつめい}してもらいました。", "en": "I had the teacher explain the parts I didn't understand." } ], "tags": [ "giving-receiving" ], "notes": "The receiver of the favor is the subject, and the person who does the action is marked with に.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "b479421519422cb48cc3d45a4500c6a20982bd99acf35c87cda671735910f46e", "meanings": [ "请别人做……", "得到别人的帮助" ], "formation": "给予帮助的人＋に＋动词て形＋もらう", "explanation": "从接受帮助者的角度描述别人为自己做某事，也可以表示请对方帮忙。", "notes": "句子的主语通常是受益者；与てくれる相比，叙述视角不同。", "examples": [ { "ja": "先輩にレポートを見てもらった。", "zh": "我请学长或学姐看了报告。" }, { "ja": "友達に写真を撮ってもらった。", "zh": "我请朋友给我拍了照。" }, { "ja": "分からないところを先生に説明してもらいました。", "zh": "我请老师解释了不懂的地方。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#te-morau", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review", "https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/project/japanese/teach/tsushin/grammar/201409.html", "https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/project/japanese/teach/tsushin/grammar/201412.html" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "5e19efea2b9cfd41098fe2804d731efc6432876eb789df0fc8bdd336ce1b7a56" } }, { "id": "te-kudasaru-te-itadaku", "pattern": "〜てくださる / 〜ていただく", "romaji": "te kudasaru / te itadaku", "level": "N4", "meaning": "(honorific) someone kindly does for me; (humble) I receive the favor of someone doing", "formation": "Verb-te + くださる / Verb-te + いただく", "examples": [ { "ja": "先生が私の作文を直してくださいました。", "furigana": "{先生|せんせい}が{私|わたし}の{作文|さくぶん}を{直|なお}してくださいました。", "en": "My teacher kindly corrected my essay." }, { "ja": "ホテルの方に、おいしい店を教えていただきました。", "furigana": "ホテルの{方|かた}に、おいしい{店|みせ}を{教|おし}えていただきました。", "en": "The hotel staff kindly told me about a good restaurant." }, { "ja": "今日は来ていただいて、ありがとうございました。", "furigana": "{今日|きょう}は{来|き}ていただいて、ありがとうございました。", "en": "Thank you very much for coming today." } ], "tags": [ "giving-receiving", "honorific", "humble" ], "notes": "くださる is the honorific version of くれる (ます-form: くださいます); いただく is the humble version of もらう.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "89d89ca998bb47ae57f16df9541ee2a21d4768bb70b34b9d44f5f3f368a05c9f", "meanings": [ "对方为我做……（尊敬）", "承蒙对方做……（自谦）" ], "formation": "动词て形＋くださる／いただく", "explanation": "てくださる尊敬提供帮助者，ていただく谦逊地表达自己得到帮助，常用于正式交流与感谢。", "notes": "くださる一侧通常以帮助者为主语；いただく一侧通常以接受者为主语。", "examples": [ { "ja": "先生が私の作文を直してくださいました。", "zh": "老师帮我修改了作文。" }, { "ja": "ホテルの方に、おいしい店を教えていただきました。", "zh": "承蒙酒店工作人员介绍，我知道了一家好吃的店。" }, { "ja": "今日は来ていただいて、ありがとうございました。", "zh": "非常感谢您今天前来。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#te-kudasaru-te-itadaku", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review", "https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/project/japanese/teach/tsushin/grammar/201409.html", "https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/project/japanese/teach/tsushin/grammar/201412.html" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "df2d2800b662ee41b9c142fbd2946d334467e7da4d24ff5581d18ea981ffe658" } }, { "id": "te-iku", "pattern": "〜ていく", "romaji": "te iku", "level": "N4", "meaning": "do something and go; go on doing (from now into the future)", "formation": "Verb-te + いく", "examples": [ { "ja": "雨が降りそうだから、傘を持っていきます。", "furigana": "{雨|あめ}が{降|ふ}りそうだから、{傘|かさ}を{持|も}っていきます。", "en": "It looks like rain, so I'll take an umbrella." }, { "ja": "これからもっと寒くなっていくでしょう。", "furigana": "これからもっと{寒|さむ}くなっていくでしょう。", "en": "It will probably keep getting colder from now on." }, { "ja": "時間があるなら、お茶を飲んでいきませんか。", "furigana": "{時間|じかん}があるなら、お{茶|ちゃ}を{飲|の}んでいきませんか。", "en": "If you have time, won't you have some tea before you go?" } ], "tags": [ "change", "sequence" ], "notes": "Movement or change away from the speaker, or from now toward the future. Compare 〜てくる.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "fe0c03368d6080fe520658f7df7c3a99eab3cfe2a874860fa5b8aa500d64a5cc", "meanings": [ "做了再去", "带着去", "今后逐渐……" ], "formation": "动词て形＋いく", "explanation": "既可表示动作伴随离开说话人的方向，也可表示变化从现在向未来发展。", "notes": "飲んでいく可表示喝了再走；具体含义需要根据动作与上下文判断。", "examples": [ { "ja": "雨が降りそうだから、傘を持っていきます。", "zh": "看起来要下雨，所以我要带伞去。" }, { "ja": "これからもっと寒くなっていくでしょう。", "zh": "今后大概会越来越冷吧。" }, { "ja": "時間があるなら、お茶を飲んでいきませんか。", "zh": "如果有时间，要不要喝杯茶再走？" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#te-iku", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "0d0cc91ad73b8239b071a492d20fab723d760c71870d4092d7674cd70677d002" } }, { "id": "te-kuru", "pattern": "〜てくる", "romaji": "te kuru", "level": "N4", "meaning": "do something and come back; come doing; (change) up to now; start to", "formation": "Verb-te + くる", "examples": [ { "ja": "ちょっとコンビニに行ってきます。", "furigana": "ちょっとコンビニに{行|い}ってきます。", "en": "I'm just popping out to the convenience store." }, { "ja": "日本語が少しずつ分かってきた。", "furigana": "{日本語|にほんご}が{少|すこ}しずつ{分|わ}かってきた。", "en": "I've gradually started to understand Japanese." }, { "ja": "おなかがすいてきた。", "en": "I'm starting to get hungry." } ], "tags": [ "change", "sequence" ], "notes": "Movement or change toward the speaker, or from the past up to now. 行ってきます literally means 'I'll go and come back.'", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "5d74555bfcf1f44d5ffe474ae9282266e467084290c7e979fe82b93d81048611", "meanings": [ "做了再回来", "逐渐……起来", "一直……到现在" ], "formation": "动词て形＋くる", "explanation": "既可表示向说话人方向移动，也可表示变化逐渐出现或从过去延续到现在。", "notes": "行ってくる常用于表示出去后还会回来；与ていく的时间和方向视角不同。", "examples": [ { "ja": "ちょっとコンビニに行ってきます。", "zh": "我去一下便利店就回来。" }, { "ja": "日本語が少しずつ分かってきた。", "zh": "我渐渐开始理解日语了。" }, { "ja": "おなかがすいてきた。", "zh": "我开始饿了。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#te-kuru", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "7f3aceff00c2ca920167d9787a9029bd151c5fe0a39b52dda925c06f69df5ede" } }, { "id": "te-shimau-chau", "pattern": "〜てしまう / 〜ちゃう", "romaji": "te shimau / chau", "level": "N4", "meaning": "finish completely; do by accident; end up doing (with regret)", "formation": "Verb-te + しまう", "examples": [ { "ja": "電車に傘を忘れてしまいました。", "furigana": "{電車|でんしゃ}に{傘|かさ}を{忘|わす}れてしまいました。", "en": "I left my umbrella on the train." }, { "ja": "この本はおもしろくて、一晩で読んでしまった。", "furigana": "この{本|ほん}はおもしろくて、{一晩|ひとばん}で{読|よ}んでしまった。", "en": "This book was so interesting that I read the whole thing in one night." }, { "ja": "あ、ケーキを全部食べちゃった。", "furigana": "あ、ケーキを{全部|ぜんぶ}{食|た}べちゃった。", "en": "Oops, I ate all the cake." } ], "tags": [ "completion", "regret", "casual" ], "notes": "In speech 〜てしまう contracts to 〜ちゃう, and 〜でしまう to 〜じゃう (飲んじゃう).", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "437f82543fd9db20a39d22276d8d6de11750fcf10874fc2f09e85cb84c0e4884", "meanings": [ "做完", "不小心……", "竟然……" ], "formation": "动词て形＋しまう；口语中てしまう→ちゃう、でしまう→じゃう", "explanation": "可强调动作完成，也可表达遗憾、意外等情绪，不能一律翻译成“不小心”。", "notes": "読んでしまう可以只是读完；忘れてしまう常带懊恼或遗憾。", "examples": [ { "ja": "電車に傘を忘れてしまいました。", "zh": "我把伞忘在电车上了。" }, { "ja": "この本はおもしろくて、一晩で読んでしまった。", "zh": "这本书很有意思，我一晚上就读完了。" }, { "ja": "あ、ケーキを全部食べちゃった。", "zh": "啊，我把蛋糕全吃掉了。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#te-shimau-chau", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "86354e9bab9a70f5451490068d0b90b9a8e2306156db8cd170912e6273376604" } }, { "id": "te-oku", "pattern": "〜ておく", "romaji": "te oku", "level": "N4", "meaning": "do in advance (to prepare); do and leave as is", "formation": "Verb-te + おく", "examples": [ { "ja": "旅行の前に、ホテルを予約しておきます。", "furigana": "{旅行|りょこう}の{前|まえ}に、ホテルを{予約|よやく}しておきます。", "en": "I'll book the hotel before the trip." }, { "ja": "パーティーのために、飲み物を冷やしておいた。", "furigana": "パーティーのために、{飲|の}み{物|もの}を{冷|ひ}やしておいた。", "en": "I chilled the drinks for the party." }, { "ja": "エアコンはつけておいてください。", "en": "Please leave the air conditioner on." } ], "tags": [ "purpose", "state" ], "notes": "In casual speech 〜ておく often becomes 〜とく (買っとく), and 〜でおく becomes 〜どく (読んどく).", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "9fb49e2ad1e1f01b80a6aca0f0fe897129bc5a0d706e6233f674857852ace10d", "meanings": [ "事先做好……", "保持……状态" ], "formation": "动词て形＋おく", "explanation": "为了后续需要而提前做某事，或让某个状态继续保持。", "notes": "口语中ておく常缩约为とく；つけておく可表示保持开着。", "examples": [ { "ja": "旅行の前に、ホテルを予約しておきます。", "zh": "我会在旅行前先订好酒店。" }, { "ja": "パーティーのために、飲み物を冷やしておいた。", "zh": "我提前为聚会把饮料冰好了。" }, { "ja": "エアコンはつけておいてください。", "zh": "请让空调保持开着。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#te-oku", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "adef931b3ed83bef364f7d3f37a2793ba16aca21a3b0e62f91c7db2f7638bfe8" } }, { "id": "te-miru", "pattern": "〜てみる", "romaji": "te miru", "level": "N4", "meaning": "try doing (to see what it is like)", "formation": "Verb-te + みる", "examples": [ { "ja": "このシャツ、着てみてもいいですか。", "furigana": "このシャツ、{着|き}てみてもいいですか。", "en": "May I try this shirt on?" }, { "ja": "新しくできたラーメン屋に行ってみた。", "furigana": "{新|あたら}しくできたラーメン{屋|や}に{行|い}ってみた。", "en": "I went to check out the new ramen shop." }, { "ja": "日本の料理を自分で作ってみたいです。", "furigana": "{日本|にほん}の{料理|りょうり}を{自分|じぶん}で{作|つく}ってみたいです。", "en": "I want to try making Japanese food myself." } ], "tags": [ "attempt" ], "notes": "Means trying something out to see the result, not making an effort to do something difficult.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "649942fec9e65f6d38afc3278953eb914961bbeb31da05bf4a0d5b262cd5f222", "meanings": [ "试着做……看看" ], "formation": "动词て形＋みる", "explanation": "实际尝试某个动作，以了解效果或体验结果。", "notes": "这里的みる是辅助动词，通常写假名。てみる重在实际试做以观察结果；ようとする侧重尝试采取行动，未必成功。", "examples": [ { "ja": "このシャツ、着てみてもいいですか。", "zh": "我可以试穿这件衬衫吗？" }, { "ja": "新しくできたラーメン屋に行ってみた。", "zh": "我去新开的拉面店尝试了一下。" }, { "ja": "日本の料理を自分で作ってみたいです。", "zh": "我想试着自己做日本料理。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#te-miru", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "222d37b9186d6c0a8372cdd8b956b4b59d961498a3c14f919b45c9e259a8e0cc" } }, { "id": "te-aru", "pattern": "〜てある", "romaji": "te aru", "level": "N4", "meaning": "has been done (and stays that way); resulting state of a deliberate action", "formation": "Verb-te + ある", "examples": [ { "ja": "入り口に地図がはってあります。", "furigana": "{入|い}り{口|ぐち}に{地図|ちず}がはってあります。", "en": "There's a map put up at the entrance." }, { "ja": "テーブルの上にお皿が並べてあった。", "furigana": "テーブルの{上|うえ}にお{皿|さら}が{並|なら}べてあった。", "en": "Plates had been set out on the table." }, { "ja": "ビールなら冷蔵庫に入れてあるよ。", "furigana": "ビールなら{冷蔵庫|れいぞうこ}に{入|い}れてあるよ。", "en": "If you want beer, I've put some in the fridge." } ], "tags": [ "state", "result" ], "notes": "Used with transitive verbs, and the object usually takes が. It implies someone did it on purpose, unlike 〜ている with intransitive verbs (窓が開いている).", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "efdf24e7e6f693064ab614783615fcded5474b9ee10e5adae6cb08466e461dcd", "meanings": [ "已经……好（结果状态）" ], "formation": "他动词て形＋ある", "explanation": "表示有人有意做过某事，其结果仍保持着，常含事先安排或准备的意味。", "notes": "描述结果状态时，原动作对象常用が标记，如地図がはってある；强调已经完成准备时也可保留を。区别于自动词＋ている单纯描述状态。", "examples": [ { "ja": "入り口に地図がはってあります。", "zh": "入口处贴着地图。" }, { "ja": "テーブルの上にお皿が並べてあった。", "zh": "桌上已经摆好了盘子。" }, { "ja": "ビールなら冷蔵庫に入れてあるよ。", "zh": "啤酒的话，已经放进冰箱了。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#te-aru", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "8c17a2ddc337efe80ba8b5c9ef58e78fc4d200d6b5cbe96fd643f803941b6543" } }, { "id": "toki", "pattern": "〜とき", "romaji": "toki", "level": "N4", "meaning": "when; at the time when", "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj + な / Noun + の + とき", "examples": [ { "ja": "子どものとき、よく川で泳ぎました。", "furigana": "{子|こ}どものとき、よく{川|かわ}で{泳|およ}ぎました。", "en": "When I was a child, I often swam in the river." }, { "ja": "日本へ行くとき、新しいかばんを買いました。", "furigana": "{日本|にほん}へ{行|い}くとき、{新|あたら}しいかばんを{買|か}いました。", "en": "I bought a new bag before my trip to Japan." }, { "ja": "日本へ行ったとき、友達にお土産を買いました。", "furigana": "{日本|にほん}へ{行|い}ったとき、{友達|ともだち}にお{土産|みやげ}を{買|か}いました。", "en": "When I went to Japan, I bought souvenirs for my friends there." } ], "tags": [ "time", "sequence" ], "notes": "The verb's tense shows the order: 行くとき means before or on the way (the going isn't finished yet); 行ったとき means after arriving. Often written 時 in kanji.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "363cf2525e7bf22a0c0d23e3458046ae9d8b8a1547ec0179ab5791fcef2277a2", "meanings": [ "……的时候" ], "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词＋とき；な形容词＋な＋とき；名词＋の＋とき", "explanation": "以某个时间、状态或事件作为背景，说明另一件事在何时发生。", "notes": "行くとき中的前项动作尚未完成，行ったとき则以该动作已实现为背景；具体先后关系仍需结合动词和上下文，不能只看整句话是否发生在过去。", "examples": [ { "ja": "子どものとき、よく川で泳ぎました。", "zh": "小时候，我经常在河里游泳。" }, { "ja": "日本へ行くとき、新しいかばんを買いました。", "zh": "去日本之前，我买了一个新包。" }, { "ja": "日本へ行ったとき、友達にお土産を買いました。", "zh": "去日本时，我给朋友买了伴手礼。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#toki", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "dfcce00901c1883abfc3d7c80923c6e88e4f047e2fc37f7d12b896cf7a617ea3" } }, { "id": "aida-aida-ni", "pattern": "〜間 / 〜間に", "reading": "〜あいだ / 〜あいだに", "romaji": "aida / aida ni", "level": "N4", "meaning": "while; during (the whole time); at some point during", "formation": "Verb-te + いる / Verb-dict / Noun + の + 間（に）", "examples": [ { "ja": "夏休みの間、祖父の家にいました。", "furigana": "{夏休|なつやす}みの{間|あいだ}、{祖父|そふ}の{家|いえ}にいました。", "en": "I stayed at my grandfather's house during the summer vacation." }, { "ja": "母が寝ている間に、部屋を掃除した。", "furigana": "{母|はは}が{寝|ね}ている{間|あいだ}に、{部屋|へや}を{掃除|そうじ}した。", "en": "I cleaned my room while my mother was asleep." }, { "ja": "電車を待っている間、ずっと本を読んでいた。", "furigana": "{電車|でんしゃ}を{待|ま}っている{間|あいだ}、ずっと{本|ほん}を{読|よ}んでいた。", "en": "I read a book the whole time I was waiting for the train." } ], "tags": [ "time", "simultaneity" ], "notes": "間 means the action continues through the whole period; 間に means it happens at some point within the period.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "3334aab0b9e602b049fdf17f37ea681efdfc749e37c1d1f4ef5e4637033de957", "meanings": [ "在……的整个期间", "在……期间的某个时候" ], "formation": "动词ている形／辞书形＋間（に）；名词＋の＋間（に）", "explanation": "間侧重某个动作或状态贯穿整段时间；間に侧重某件事发生或完成于这段时间内。", "notes": "持续状态也可用形容词修饰：忙しい間、元気な間。先判断要表达持续，还是期间内发生的一件事。", "examples": [ { "ja": "夏休みの間、祖父の家にいました。", "zh": "暑假期间我一直住在祖父家。" }, { "ja": "母が寝ている間に、部屋を掃除した。", "zh": "趁母亲睡觉时，我打扫了房间。" }, { "ja": "電車を待っている間、ずっと本を読んでいた。", "zh": "等电车的整个过程中，我一直在看书。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#aida-aida-ni", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "d64475beb8a64800902dcdaf31f0d4bdef26a7138c27105c3272089d45335aad" } }, { "id": "sou-da-appearance", "pattern": "〜そうだ（appearance）", "romaji": "sou da (appearance)", "level": "N4", "meaning": "looks like; seems; looks about to", "formation": "Verb-stem / i-Adj stem / na-Adj + そうだ", "examples": [ { "ja": "そのカレー、辛そうだね。", "furigana": "そのカレー、{辛|から}そうだね。", "en": "That curry looks spicy." }, { "ja": "空が暗いですね。雨が降りそうです。", "furigana": "{空|そら}が{暗|くら}いですね。{雨|あめ}が{降|ふ}りそうです。", "en": "The sky is dark. It looks like it's going to rain." }, { "ja": "久しぶりに会った祖父は元気そうだった。", "furigana": "{久|ひさ}しぶりに{会|あ}った{祖父|そふ}は{元気|げんき}そうだった。", "en": "My grandfather, whom I hadn't seen in a while, looked well." } ], "tags": [ "appearance", "conjecture" ], "notes": "A judgment from what you see. いい → よさそう, ない → なさそう. Not used with adjectives for plainly visible traits (赤い, かわいい); かわいそう means 'pitiful'.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "92aad9e99e3e468052b85a3639fe9691a437f00f5388b8ef6240ed3bb27b18a8", "meanings": [ "看起来……", "眼看就要……" ], "formation": "动词ます形去ます＋そうだ；い形容词去い＋そうだ；な形容词词干＋そうだ", "explanation": "根据眼前的迹象判断状态，或判断某个动作、变化即将发生。", "notes": "いい变为よさそう，ない变为なさそう；否定动词另有降りそうにない等形式。かわいそう通常表示可怜，不能用来表达看起来可爱。与传闻そうだ的接续不同。", "examples": [ { "ja": "そのカレー、辛そうだね。", "zh": "那份咖喱看起来很辣呢。" }, { "ja": "空が暗いですね。雨が降りそうです。", "zh": "天空很暗，看起来要下雨了。" }, { "ja": "久しぶりに会った祖父は元気そうだった。", "zh": "久别重逢的祖父看起来精神很好。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#sou-da-appearance", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "90db0b860fadd1aa6df55e2d0f8ddc867455b025746764eaccd6b018f734a142" } }, { "id": "sou-da-hearsay", "pattern": "〜そうだ（hearsay）", "romaji": "sou da (hearsay)", "level": "N4", "meaning": "I heard that; they say that", "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj + そうだ / na-Adj + だ + そうだ / Noun + だ + そうだ", "examples": [ { "ja": "天気予報では、明日は雪が降るそうです。", "furigana": "{天気|てんき}{予報|よほう}では、{明日|あした}は{雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}るそうです。", "en": "The weather forecast says it will snow tomorrow." }, { "ja": "駅前の本屋は来月なくなるそうだ。", "furigana": "{駅前|えきまえ}の{本屋|ほんや}は{来月|らいげつ}なくなるそうだ。", "en": "I heard the bookstore in front of the station is closing down next month." }, { "ja": "リンさんのお兄さんは医者だそうです。", "furigana": "リンさんのお{兄|にい}さんは{医者|いしゃ}だそうです。", "en": "I hear Lin's older brother is a doctor." } ], "tags": [ "hearsay" ], "notes": "Attaches to full plain forms, unlike the 'looks like' そうだ, which attaches to stems. It has no past or negative form.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "130525b4118230e950d2132d7b590813bb258d5e4b69f8c5e8bd642a12d25e41", "meanings": [ "听说……", "据说……" ], "formation": "动词／い形容词普通形＋そうだ；名词／な形容词普通形（现在肯定含だ）＋そうだ", "explanation": "转述从别人、报道等渠道得到的信息，不是依据眼前迹象作判断。", "notes": "过去或否定信息放在前面的普通形中，如雨が降ったそうだ、来ないそうだ；不要通过把传闻そうだ本身变成そうだった或そうではない来表达这些意思。", "examples": [ { "ja": "天気予報では、明日は雪が降るそうです。", "zh": "天气预报说明天会下雪。" }, { "ja": "駅前の本屋は来月なくなるそうだ。", "zh": "听说车站前的书店下个月要关门了。" }, { "ja": "リンさんのお兄さんは医者だそうです。", "zh": "听说林同学的哥哥是医生。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#sou-da-hearsay", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "aa9fcb191e7ca52a3586a12663ca2b8dfa0fdcd10dec0fdc9ff487a9ee18250a" } }, { "id": "rashii", "pattern": "〜らしい（hearsay/conjecture）", "romaji": "rashii", "level": "N4", "meaning": "apparently; it seems; I hear", "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj / Noun + らしい", "examples": [ { "ja": "駅の近くに新しいカフェができたらしい。", "furigana": "{駅|えき}の{近|ちか}くに{新|あたら}しいカフェができたらしい。", "en": "Apparently a new café has opened near the station." }, { "ja": "部屋の電気が消えている。もう寝たらしい。", "furigana": "{部屋|へや}の{電気|でんき}が{消|き}えている。もう{寝|ね}たらしい。", "en": "The light in the room is off. Looks like they've already gone to bed." }, { "ja": "あの店のラーメンはとても有名らしいです。", "furigana": "あの{店|みせ}のラーメンはとても{有名|ゆうめい}らしいです。", "en": "Apparently that shop's ramen is really famous." } ], "tags": [ "hearsay", "conjecture" ], "notes": "Based on something heard or read, so the speaker sounds a little detached. The 'typical of' らしい (男らしい) is a separate N3 point.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "d1d1182bd71b981576bba372827ab8b5091a1fb30085cdc350d857475097f7ab", "meanings": [ "听说", "似乎" ], "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干／名词＋らしい", "explanation": "根据听闻或其他信息推测情况。", "notes": "表示具有典型特征的らしい是另一种用法。", "examples": [ { "ja": "駅の近くに新しいカフェができたらしい。", "zh": "听说车站附近新开了一家咖啡馆。" }, { "ja": "部屋の電気が消えている。もう寝たらしい。", "zh": "房间的灯关了，看来已经睡了。" }, { "ja": "あの店のラーメンはとても有名らしいです。", "zh": "听说那家店的拉面很有名。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#rashii", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "832cd059fc7d382826741ae83657d7fe3afa4439ff2ae748d430f30f6f9c7d34" } }, { "id": "you-da", "pattern": "〜ようだ", "romaji": "you da", "level": "N4", "meaning": "it seems; it appears (judging from evidence)", "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj + ようだ / na-Adj + な + ようだ / Noun + の + ようだ", "examples": [ { "ja": "誰もいないようですね。", "furigana": "{誰|だれ}もいないようですね。", "en": "It seems nobody's here." }, { "ja": "かぜをひいたようで、朝からのどが痛い。", "furigana": "かぜをひいたようで、{朝|あさ}からのどが{痛|いた}い。", "en": "I seem to have caught a cold; my throat has hurt since this morning." }, { "ja": "外は寒いようだ。みんなコートを着ている。", "furigana": "{外|そと}は{寒|さむ}いようだ。みんなコートを{着|き}ている。", "en": "It seems cold outside. Everyone is wearing a coat." } ], "tags": [ "conjecture", "appearance" ], "notes": "A somewhat formal way to state a judgment from what you observe or feel; みたいだ is the casual equivalent. The 'like, as if' use is covered at N3.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "d4cf154b54537927e258e8c5cd86d98a02a28732f63897f001699876e769052b", "meanings": [ "似乎", "看来" ], "formation": "动词简体／い形容词＋ようだ；な形容词＋なようだ；名词＋のようだ", "explanation": "根据观察或感觉作出判断。", "notes": "口语中常用みたいだ。", "examples": [ { "ja": "誰もいないようですね。", "zh": "看来没有人在呢。" }, { "ja": "かぜをひいたようで、朝からのどが痛い。", "zh": "我好像感冒了，从早上起喉咙就疼。" }, { "ja": "外は寒いようだ。みんなコートを着ている。", "zh": "外面好像很冷，大家都穿着外套。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#you-da", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "1d73689319a40cae52f9d18f3812080801df591b0798aa431de61f0b29c155d8" } }, { "id": "mitai", "pattern": "〜みたい", "romaji": "mitai", "level": "N4", "meaning": "seems like; looks like; like (casual)", "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj / Noun + みたい", "examples": [ { "ja": "隣の部屋に誰か来たみたい。", "furigana": "{隣|となり}の{部屋|へや}に{誰|だれ}か{来|き}たみたい。", "en": "Sounds like someone has come to the room next door." }, { "ja": "今日の彼女は元気がないみたいだね。", "furigana": "{今日|きょう}の{彼女|かのじょ}は{元気|げんき}がないみたいだね。", "en": "She doesn't seem very cheerful today, does she?" }, { "ja": "このケーキ、お店のケーキみたい！", "furigana": "このケーキ、お{店|みせ}のケーキみたい！", "en": "This cake is just like a store-bought one!" } ], "tags": [ "conjecture", "appearance", "casual" ], "notes": "Casual equivalent of ようだ. It attaches directly to nouns and na-adjectives (静かみたい) without な or の. Before a noun it becomes みたいな.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "9f250b7e515080fd3da63f8c7418fd7093a93874ed23ebf21263f6357b3483a1", "meanings": [ "好像", "像" ], "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干／名词＋みたい", "explanation": "口语中表示推测或相似。", "notes": "名词后直接接みたい，如学生みたい；修饰名词用みたいな＋名词。", "examples": [ { "ja": "隣の部屋に誰か来たみたい。", "zh": "好像有人来到隔壁房间了。" }, { "ja": "今日の彼女は元気がないみたいだね。", "zh": "她今天好像没什么精神呢。" }, { "ja": "このケーキ、お店のケーキみたい！", "zh": "这块蛋糕就像店里买的！" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#mitai", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "b363215be84b3644644e23f09991fd1decd85a95072505c6ad6703b7bba98ada" } }, { "id": "sugiru", "pattern": "〜すぎる", "romaji": "sugiru", "level": "N4", "meaning": "too; too much; excessively", "formation": "Verb-stem / i-Adj stem / na-Adj + すぎる", "examples": [ { "ja": "ゆうべ飲みすぎて、頭が痛い。", "furigana": "ゆうべ{飲|の}みすぎて、{頭|あたま}が{痛|いた}い。", "en": "I drank too much last night, and now I have a headache." }, { "ja": "この靴は私には大きすぎます。", "furigana": "この{靴|くつ}は{私|わたし}には{大|おお}きすぎます。", "en": "These shoes are too big for me." }, { "ja": "この問題は簡単すぎて、つまらない。", "furigana": "この{問題|もんだい}は{簡単|かんたん}すぎて、つまらない。", "en": "This question is too easy, so it's boring." } ], "tags": [ "degree" ], "notes": "Conjugates like a Group 2 verb (すぎた, すぎて). いい → よすぎる, and the adjective ない → なさすぎる.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "b65c609f339161033a02423f36a3abfc065d4b33dce04745f3446b6df8c08563", "meanings": [ "太……", "过度" ], "formation": "动词ます形词干／い形容词词干／な形容词＋すぎる", "explanation": "表示动作或程度超过适当范围。", "notes": "按一段动词变形；いい变为よすぎる。", "examples": [ { "ja": "ゆうべ飲みすぎて、頭が痛い。", "zh": "昨晚喝太多，头疼。" }, { "ja": "この靴は私には大きすぎます。", "zh": "这双鞋对我来说太大了。" }, { "ja": "この問題は簡単すぎて、つまらない。", "zh": "这道题太简单，没意思。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#sugiru", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "ed2f6b2d05be9014b09762b1eed140ddea61afb7b07018d3efd6c18204f30088" } }, { "id": "kata", "pattern": "〜方", "reading": "〜かた", "romaji": "kata", "level": "N4", "meaning": "how to; way of doing", "formation": "Verb-stem + 方", "examples": [ { "ja": "この機械の使い方を教えてください。", "furigana": "この{機械|きかい}の{使|つか}い{方|かた}を{教|おし}えてください。", "en": "Please show me how to use this machine." }, { "ja": "この漢字の読み方が分かりません。", "furigana": "この{漢字|かんじ}の{読|よ}み{方|かた}が{分|わ}かりません。", "en": "I don't know how to read this kanji." }, { "ja": "祖母においしいみそ汁の作り方を習った。", "furigana": "{祖母|そぼ}においしいみそ{汁|しる}の{作|つく}り{方|かた}を{習|なら}った。", "en": "I learned how to make tasty miso soup from my grandmother." } ], "tags": [ "manner", "nominalization" ], "notes": "The result is a noun, so the object takes の instead of を (日本語の話し方). With する-verbs: 勉強のしかた.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "de5cf70c9b6b0185169b90b1648cc59a49ed66b7fa58b0552154f5a7dfa0787e", "meanings": [ "……的方法", "如何……" ], "formation": "动词ます形词干＋方", "explanation": "将动作转化为表示方法的名词。", "notes": "动作对象常用の连接，如日本語の話し方。", "examples": [ { "ja": "この機械の使い方を教えてください。", "zh": "请教我这台机器的用法。" }, { "ja": "この漢字の読み方が分かりません。", "zh": "我不知道这个汉字怎么读。" }, { "ja": "祖母においしいみそ汁の作り方を習った。", "zh": "我向奶奶学了怎么做美味的味噌汤。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#kata", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "cd0fad268166b9c29036b0e6ba92aa27e3a507c76cf27deb6c3c87988a4d350c" } }, { "id": "chuu-juu", "pattern": "〜中", "reading": "〜ちゅう / 〜じゅう", "romaji": "chuu / juu", "level": "N4", "meaning": "in the middle of; during (ちゅう); throughout; all over (じゅう)", "formation": "Noun + 中", "examples": [ { "ja": "父は今、電話中です。", "furigana": "{父|ちち}は{今|いま}、{電話|でんわ}{中|ちゅう}です。", "en": "My father is on the phone right now." }, { "ja": "昨日は一日中雨が降っていた。", "furigana": "{昨日|きのう}は{一日中|いちにちじゅう}{雨|あめ}が{降|ふ}っていた。", "en": "It rained all day yesterday." }, { "ja": "この歌は世界中で知られている。", "furigana": "この{歌|うた}は{世界中|せかいじゅう}で{知|し}られている。", "en": "This song is known all over the world." } ], "tags": [ "time", "range" ], "notes": "ちゅう marks an ongoing activity or a period (会議中, 午前中, 今週中); じゅう means 'throughout' a time or place (一日中, 世界中).", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "43e11b7e5f2cdd6de988106def1529cfb4ab10372d0238a57e315396c3079a25", "meanings": [ "正在……中", "整个……" ], "formation": "名词＋中", "explanation": "表示某活动进行中或某时间、空间的全部范围。", "notes": "ちゅう常表示进行中；じゅう常表示遍及或整段时间。", "examples": [ { "ja": "父は今、電話中です。", "zh": "爸爸现在正在打电话。" }, { "ja": "昨日は一日中雨が降っていた。", "zh": "昨天下了一整天的雨。" }, { "ja": "この歌は世界中で知られている。", "zh": "这首歌在全世界都很有名。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#chuu-juu", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "2817c003bcfd5fd5a1b80a62097b796ce07f4693149989e613902dafd3e17cac" } }, { "id": "tsumori", "pattern": "〜つもり", "romaji": "tsumori", "level": "N4", "meaning": "intend to; plan to", "formation": "Verb-dict / Verb-nai + つもり", "examples": [ { "ja": "夏休みは北海道を旅行するつもりです。", "furigana": "{夏休|なつやす}みは{北海道|ほっかいどう}を{旅行|りょこう}するつもりです。", "en": "I intend to travel around Hokkaido during the summer break." }, { "ja": "今日はお酒を飲まないつもりです。", "furigana": "{今日|きょう}はお{酒|さけ}を{飲|の}まないつもりです。", "en": "I intend not to drink alcohol today." }, { "ja": "大学を出たら、どうするつもりですか。", "furigana": "{大学|だいがく}を{出|で}たら、どうするつもりですか。", "en": "What do you plan to do after you graduate from university?" } ], "tags": [ "intention" ], "notes": "States a firm personal intention. 〜つもりはない means 'have no intention of'. Asking a superior 〜つもりですか can sound blunt.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "d5b70ce498b0267c40225265c2f2fddec1b56b22f16a769e72d717c1e0d2097f", "meanings": [ "打算", "准备" ], "formation": "动词辞书形／ない形＋つもり", "explanation": "表示个人的意图或计划。", "notes": "〜つもりはない表示没有打算；询问上级时须注意语气。", "examples": [ { "ja": "夏休みは北海道を旅行するつもりです。", "zh": "我打算暑假去北海道旅行。" }, { "ja": "今日はお酒を飲まないつもりです。", "zh": "今天我打算不喝酒。" }, { "ja": "大学を出たら、どうするつもりですか。", "zh": "大学毕业后你打算做什么？" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#tsumori", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "1a45d8cd6a843b0700177bcc5e23247aad479cbfb8074cafc7d0fac7bbaaba17" } }, { "id": "yotei", "pattern": "〜予定", "reading": "〜よてい", "romaji": "yotei", "level": "N4", "meaning": "plan to; be scheduled to", "formation": "Verb-dict + 予定 / Noun + の + 予定", "examples": [ { "ja": "来月、大阪に引っ越す予定です。", "furigana": "{来月|らいげつ}、{大阪|おおさか}に{引|ひ}っ{越|こ}す{予定|よてい}です。", "en": "I'm planning to move to Osaka next month." }, { "ja": "会議は三時に終わる予定です。", "furigana": "{会議|かいぎ}は{三|さん}{時|じ}に{終|お}わる{予定|よてい}です。", "en": "The meeting is scheduled to end at three." }, { "ja": "出発は朝八時の予定です。", "furigana": "{出発|しゅっぱつ}は{朝|あさ}{八|はち}{時|じ}の{予定|よてい}です。", "en": "Departure is scheduled for eight in the morning." } ], "tags": [ "intention", "time" ], "notes": "Refers to a fixed schedule or arrangement, often involving other people; more objective than つもり.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "2d2486ac7d1b38ecd3bddd9395fd90dbcbda592aa626843ff10fd3f0ec1acbc3", "meanings": [ "预定", "计划" ], "formation": "动词辞书形＋予定／名词＋の予定", "explanation": "表示日程中预定的安排。", "notes": "相比つもり，更侧重客观安排或计划。", "examples": [ { "ja": "来月、大阪に引っ越す予定です。", "zh": "我计划下个月搬到大阪。" }, { "ja": "会議は三時に終わる予定です。", "zh": "会议预计三点结束。" }, { "ja": "出発は朝八時の予定です。", "zh": "预定早上八点出发。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#yotei", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "c251212bfe9f56903797732be3a2d33138cbe5d5651cff8137751b4f1801a8f4" } }, { "id": "koto-ni-suru", "pattern": "〜ことにする", "romaji": "koto ni suru", "level": "N4", "meaning": "decide to", "formation": "Verb-dict / Verb-nai + ことにする", "examples": [ { "ja": "健康のために、毎朝歩くことにした。", "furigana": "{健康|けんこう}のために、{毎朝|まいあさ}{歩|ある}くことにした。", "en": "I decided to walk every morning for my health." }, { "ja": "高かったので、買わないことにしました。", "furigana": "{高|たか}かったので、{買|か}わないことにしました。", "en": "It was expensive, so I decided not to buy it." }, { "ja": "もう遅いから、タクシーで帰ることにしよう。", "furigana": "もう{遅|おそ}いから、タクシーで{帰|かえ}ることにしよう。", "en": "It's already late, so let's take a taxi home." } ], "tags": [ "decision" ], "notes": "A decision made by the speaker; compare 〜ことになる. 〜ことにしている (N3) means 'make it a rule to'.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "aaecab6303376e47d296f1d4e3de8ccecd913f970dae77593806200807b12c60", "meanings": [ "决定做" ], "formation": "动词辞书形／ない形＋ことにする", "explanation": "表示自己作出决定做或不做某事。", "notes": "与表示事情被决定或形成结果的ことになる相对。", "examples": [ { "ja": "健康のために、毎朝歩くことにした。", "zh": "为了健康，我决定每天早上散步。" }, { "ja": "高かったので、買わないことにしました。", "zh": "因为太贵，我决定不买。" }, { "ja": "もう遅いから、タクシーで帰ることにしよう。", "zh": "已经很晚了，我们决定坐出租车回家吧。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#koto-ni-suru", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "3108ba4e23808924548582a67ca5a6b69c1dd2054fa42962b4b767a82ea1e261" } }, { "id": "koto-ni-naru", "pattern": "〜ことになる", "romaji": "koto ni naru", "level": "N4", "meaning": "it has been decided that; it turns out that", "formation": "Verb-dict / Verb-nai + ことになる", "examples": [ { "ja": "来年の春から、名古屋の店で働くことになりました。", "furigana": "{来年|らいねん}の{春|はる}から、{名古屋|なごや}の{店|みせ}で{働|はたら}くことになりました。", "en": "It's been decided that I'll work at the Nagoya store from next spring." }, { "ja": "今度の日曜日、クラスのみんなでバーベキューをすることになった。", "furigana": "{今度|こんど}の{日曜日|にちようび}、クラスのみんなでバーベキューをすることになった。", "en": "It's been settled that the whole class will have a barbecue this Sunday." }, { "ja": "友達の結婚式で、私がスピーチをすることになりました。", "furigana": "{友達|ともだち}の{結婚式|けっこんしき}で、{私|わたし}がスピーチをすることになりました。", "en": "It turns out I'll be giving a speech at my friend's wedding." } ], "tags": [ "decision", "result" ], "notes": "Presents a decision as made by others or by circumstances. People also use it for their own decisions to sound less assertive.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "427ce56f0f094236bbdef1beb623a4e262aa1cff5243b020e1146ea90207167e", "meanings": [ "决定了", "结果变成" ], "formation": "动词辞书形／ない形＋ことになる", "explanation": "表示因他人决定或客观情况而形成某种安排或结果。", "notes": "也可用来委婉表达自己的决定。", "examples": [ { "ja": "来年の春から、名古屋の店で働くことになりました。", "zh": "已经决定，我从明年春天起在名古屋的店工作。" }, { "ja": "今度の日曜日、クラスのみんなでバーベキューをすることになった。", "zh": "这个星期天全班一起烧烤的事定下来了。" }, { "ja": "友達の結婚式で、私がスピーチをすることになりました。", "zh": "我将在朋友的婚礼上致辞。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#koto-ni-naru", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "c9689f2504d76e59367513b119b4da62c36fbb267c60e7761b14fcae5e83a237" } }, { "id": "koto-ga-dekiru", "pattern": "〜ことができる", "romaji": "koto ga dekiru", "level": "N4", "meaning": "can; be able to; be possible to", "formation": "Verb-dict + ことができる", "examples": [ { "ja": "この図書館では、本を二週間借りることができます。", "furigana": "この{図書館|としょかん}では、{本|ほん}を{二|に}{週間|しゅうかん}{借|か}りることができます。", "en": "At this library, you can borrow books for two weeks." }, { "ja": "妹はピアノを弾くことができる。", "furigana": "{妹|いもうと}はピアノを{弾|ひ}くことができる。", "en": "My little sister can play the piano." }, { "ja": "ここからは富士山を見ることができません。", "furigana": "ここからは{富士山|ふじさん}を{見|み}ることができません。", "en": "You can't see Mt. Fuji from here." } ], "tags": [ "ability", "possibility" ], "notes": "A bit more formal than the potential form. Also used for what is possible or allowed (ここでたばこを吸うことはできません).", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "13ba41c143752754f890da0cd575d7813ba7b3b73154304e9c7a46e5689ecdc9", "meanings": [ "能够", "可以" ], "formation": "动词辞书形＋ことができる", "explanation": "表示能力、可能性或许可。", "notes": "与动词可能形相比略显正式。", "examples": [ { "ja": "この図書館では、本を二週間借りることができます。", "zh": "在这家图书馆可以借书两周。" }, { "ja": "妹はピアノを弾くことができる。", "zh": "妹妹会弹钢琴。" }, { "ja": "ここからは富士山を見ることができません。", "zh": "从这里看不到富士山。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#koto-ga-dekiru", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "24276f28eb83cb982e4b654b974353bf17d9fab9cfc7385076282ff3e843e9f8" } }, { "id": "eru-rareru-potential", "pattern": "〜える / 〜られる（potential）", "romaji": "eru / rareru (potential)", "level": "N4", "meaning": "can; be able to (potential form)", "formation": "Verb-dict (Group 1: final u → e) + る / Verb-nai stem + られる (Group 2)", "examples": [ { "ja": "私は漢字が二百ぐらい読めます。", "furigana": "{私|わたし}は{漢字|かんじ}が{二|に}{百|ひゃく}ぐらい{読|よ}めます。", "en": "I can read about two hundred kanji." }, { "ja": "兄は辛い料理が食べられない。", "furigana": "{兄|あに}は{辛|から}い{料理|りょうり}が{食|た}べられない。", "en": "My older brother can't eat spicy food." }, { "ja": "明日のパーティーに来られますか。", "furigana": "{明日|あした}のパーティーに{来|こ}られますか。", "en": "Can you come to the party tomorrow?" } ], "tags": [ "ability", "conjugation" ], "notes": "Irregular: する → できる, 来る → 来られる. The object often takes が instead of を. In casual speech Group 2 verbs often drop ら (見れる).", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "a21f08597bddf8086f50f9112c53ba638284e83c277bbb6bdfe27c7de0f6b207", "meanings": [ "能做", "会做（可能形）" ], "formation": "五段动词词尾う段变え段＋る；一段动词去る＋られる", "explanation": "通过动词可能形表示能力或可能性。", "notes": "する变できる，来る变来られる；对象常用が。", "examples": [ { "ja": "私は漢字が二百ぐらい読めます。", "zh": "我能读大约两百个汉字。" }, { "ja": "兄は辛い料理が食べられない。", "zh": "哥哥不能吃辣菜。" }, { "ja": "明日のパーティーに来られますか。", "zh": "你明天能来参加聚会吗？" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#eru-rareru-potential", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "57a9a2e53fc6ec907186897d4bafb13a1122edf4abf634a027fec258318d91d2" } }, { "id": "reru-rareru-passive", "pattern": "〜れる / 〜られる（passive）", "romaji": "reru / rareru (passive)", "level": "N4", "meaning": "be done (by someone); passive voice", "formation": "Verb-nai stem + れる (Group 1) / Verb-nai stem + られる (Group 2)", "examples": [ { "ja": "先生に作文をほめられました。", "furigana": "{先生|せんせい}に{作文|さくぶん}をほめられました。", "en": "My essay was praised by my teacher." }, { "ja": "電車の中で足を踏まれた。", "furigana": "{電車|でんしゃ}の{中|なか}で{足|あし}を{踏|ふ}まれた。", "en": "Someone stepped on my foot on the train." }, { "ja": "この寺は六百年前に建てられました。", "furigana": "この{寺|てら}は{六百|ろっぴゃく}{年|ねん}{前|まえ}に{建|た}てられました。", "en": "This temple was built six hundred years ago." } ], "tags": [ "voice", "conjugation" ], "notes": "Irregular: する → される, 来る → 来られる. The doer is marked with に. Often shows that the subject was troubled by someone's action (雨に降られた).", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "bf95b02ef94bdb25434717c8f226c38e2577231b0d6e6f7e168e487e053752d3", "meanings": [ "被……", "受到……（被动形）" ], "formation": "五段动词ない形词干＋れる；一段动词去る＋られる", "explanation": "表示受到他人的动作或叙述被动事件。", "notes": "动作主体常用に标记；する→される，来る→来られる，也可表达受困扰的被动。", "examples": [ { "ja": "先生に作文をほめられました。", "zh": "我的作文受到了老师表扬。" }, { "ja": "電車の中で足を踏まれた。", "zh": "在电车上有人踩了我的脚。" }, { "ja": "この寺は六百年前に建てられました。", "zh": "这座寺庙建于六百年前。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#reru-rareru-passive", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "70d7cfb5b1cba6ab47ffae68019bd1d12287afe77748ce6a2f4b6c01872274e5" } }, { "id": "seru-saseru", "pattern": "〜せる / 〜させる", "romaji": "seru / saseru", "level": "N4", "meaning": "make someone do; let someone do (causative)", "formation": "Verb-nai stem + せる (Group 1) / Verb-nai stem + させる (Group 2)", "examples": [ { "ja": "母は毎日弟に野菜を食べさせる。", "furigana": "{母|はは}は{毎日|まいにち}{弟|おとうと}に{野菜|やさい}を{食|た}べさせる。", "en": "My mother makes my little brother eat vegetables every day." }, { "ja": "コーチは毎日、選手たちを走らせた。", "furigana": "コーチは{毎日|まいにち}、{選手|せんしゅ}たちを{走|はし}らせた。", "en": "The coach made the players run every day." }, { "ja": "息子が行きたいと言ったので、一人で旅行に行かせました。", "furigana": "{息子|むすこ}が{行|い}きたいと{言|い}ったので、{一人|ひとり}で{旅行|りょこう}に{行|い}かせました。", "en": "My son said he wanted to go, so I let him travel on his own." } ], "tags": [ "voice", "conjugation" ], "notes": "Irregular: する → させる, 来る → 来させる. With intransitive verbs the person takes を; with transitive verbs, に. Context decides 'make' or 'let'.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "36f0cec74f00ba855accaeb121fd89bdf46e0e46294297b01654be9a3080d644", "meanings": [ "让……做", "使……做" ], "formation": "五段动词ない形词干＋せる；一段动词去る＋させる", "explanation": "表示使某人做或允许某人做某事。", "notes": "根据语境区分强制和许可；する→させる，来る→来させる。", "examples": [ { "ja": "母は毎日弟に野菜を食べさせる。", "zh": "妈妈每天让弟弟吃蔬菜。" }, { "ja": "コーチは毎日、選手たちを走らせた。", "zh": "教练每天让队员跑步。" }, { "ja": "息子が行きたいと言ったので、一人で旅行に行かせました。", "zh": "儿子说想去，所以我让他一个人去旅行了。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#seru-saseru", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "b3bb51d502f2ea6d2b6873356b976606b22828ed8ee2e90b1719fdf8c71273c4" } }, { "id": "serareru-saserareru", "pattern": "〜せられる / 〜させられる", "romaji": "serareru / saserareru", "level": "N4", "meaning": "be made to do (against one's will)", "formation": "Verb-nai stem + せられる (Group 1; short form される) / Verb-nai stem + させられる (Group 2)", "examples": [ { "ja": "子どものころ、母に毎日ピアノを練習させられた。", "furigana": "{子|こ}どものころ、{母|はは}に{毎日|まいにち}ピアノを{練習|れんしゅう}させられた。", "en": "When I was a child, my mother made me practice the piano every day." }, { "ja": "駅で三十分も待たされました。", "furigana": "{駅|えき}で{三十分|さんじゅっぷん}も{待|ま}たされました。", "en": "I was kept waiting at the station for a whole thirty minutes." }, { "ja": "会社の飲み会で歌を歌わされた。", "furigana": "{会社|かいしゃ}の{飲|の}み{会|かい}で{歌|うた}を{歌|うた}わされた。", "en": "I was made to sing at the company drinking party." } ], "tags": [ "voice", "conjugation" ], "notes": "Irregular: する → させられる, 来る → 来させられる. The short Group 1 form (待たされる) is common in speech, but not with verbs ending in す (話させられる).", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "5bcee9d4f06a19e677d8cc5ecec98769e66bb9ef733dd5b0834e4ffcdbb4fe63", "meanings": [ "被迫做" ], "formation": "五段动词ない形词干＋せられる；一段动词去る＋させられる", "explanation": "表示被人要求或迫使做某事。", "notes": "五段动词常有缩略形，如待たされる；す结尾不用此缩略形，如話させられる。する→させられる，来る→来させられる。", "examples": [ { "ja": "子どものころ、母に毎日ピアノを練習させられた。", "zh": "小时候妈妈每天逼我练钢琴。" }, { "ja": "駅で三十分も待たされました。", "zh": "我在车站被迫等了整整三十分钟。" }, { "ja": "会社の飲み会で歌を歌わされた。", "zh": "在公司的酒会上我被要求唱歌。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#serareru-saserareru", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "54c95792e95faf41121a6e7668556bae9f9f78723c60a4215a466e0c084ab712" } }, { "id": "ou-you", "pattern": "〜おう / 〜よう", "romaji": "ou / you", "level": "N4", "meaning": "let's (casual); I'll (volitional form)", "formation": "Verb-dict (Group 1: final u → o) + う / Verb-stem + よう (Group 2)", "examples": [ { "ja": "疲れたね。少し休もう。", "furigana": "{疲|つか}れたね。{少|すこ}し{休|やす}もう。", "en": "That was tiring, huh? Let's take a short break." }, { "ja": "週末、一緒に映画を見ようよ。", "furigana": "{週末|しゅうまつ}、{一緒|いっしょ}に{映画|えいが}を{見|み}ようよ。", "en": "Let's watch a movie together this weekend." }, { "ja": "よし、今日から毎日日記を書こう。", "furigana": "よし、{今日|きょう}から{毎日|まいにち}{日記|にっき}を{書|か}こう。", "en": "Right, starting today I'll write in my diary every day." } ], "tags": [ "conjugation", "invitation", "intention" ], "notes": "Irregular: する → しよう, 来る → 来よう. The plain equivalent of 〜ましょう.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "439f45a0c5fb64ddddebf6dab4d9e180ecca6da52615c6233e341a6b8dfe568d", "meanings": [ "一起……吧", "我要……" ], "formation": "五段动词词尾う段变お段＋う；一段动词去る＋よう", "explanation": "表示说话人的意志或向对方提出一起做某事。", "notes": "する变しよう，来る变来よう；是ましょう的简体。", "examples": [ { "ja": "疲れたね。少し休もう。", "zh": "累了呢，稍微休息一下吧。" }, { "ja": "週末、一緒に映画を見ようよ。", "zh": "周末一起看电影吧。" }, { "ja": "よし、今日から毎日日記を書こう。", "zh": "好，从今天起我要每天写日记。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#ou-you", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "3822e6d4c33d78bb1646a1ad031307029c97fb461c3b48fec88f47303a3679bf" } }, { "id": "you-to-omou", "pattern": "〜(よ)うと思う", "reading": "〜(よ)うとおもう", "romaji": "you to omou", "level": "N4", "meaning": "be thinking of doing; plan to", "formation": "Verb-volitional + と思う", "examples": [ { "ja": "今年の夏は海に行こうと思っています。", "furigana": "{今年|ことし}の{夏|なつ}は{海|うみ}に{行|い}こうと{思|おも}っています。", "en": "I'm thinking of going to the beach this summer." }, { "ja": "明日は早く起きて、公園を走ろうと思う。", "furigana": "{明日|あした}は{早|はや}く{起|お}きて、{公園|こうえん}を{走|はし}ろうと{思|おも}う。", "en": "I think I'll get up early tomorrow and go for a run in the park." }, { "ja": "新しいパソコンを買おうと思ったけど、やめました。", "furigana": "{新|あたら}しいパソコンを{買|か}おうと{思|おも}ったけど、やめました。", "en": "I was going to buy a new computer, but I decided against it." } ], "tags": [ "intention" ], "notes": "〜と思う often reports a decision made just now; 〜と思っている shows a plan held for some time. Softer than つもり.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "c8bdb3813a3497e07b099a8cd16ac8b089ed8ab9168c1a4d21326cc81536a5a1", "meanings": [ "想要", "打算" ], "formation": "动词意向形＋と思う", "explanation": "表示打算做某事或正在考虑某个计划。", "notes": "〜と思っている常表示已经考虑了一段时间。", "examples": [ { "ja": "今年の夏は海に行こうと思っています。", "zh": "我在考虑今年夏天去海边。" }, { "ja": "明日は早く起きて、公園を走ろうと思う。", "zh": "我想明天早起去公园跑步。" }, { "ja": "新しいパソコンを買おうと思ったけど、やめました。", "zh": "我本来想买新电脑，但后来作罢了。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#you-to-omou", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "4ae75b06f48eaf90ef882410cc653671a5a71be37988f779f8d8b8cd820bf53c" } }, { "id": "e-ro", "pattern": "〜え / 〜ろ", "romaji": "e / ro", "level": "N4", "meaning": "do it! (imperative form; blunt command)", "formation": "Verb-dict (Group 1: final u → e) / Verb-stem + ろ (Group 2)", "examples": [ { "ja": "早く起きろ！遅刻するぞ。", "furigana": "{早|はや}く{起|お}きろ！{遅刻|ちこく}するぞ。", "en": "Get up already! You'll be late." }, { "ja": "危ない！止まれ！", "furigana": "{危|あぶ}ない！{止|と}まれ！", "en": "Look out! Stop!" }, { "ja": "がんばれ！あと少しだ！", "furigana": "がんばれ！あと{少|すこ}しだ！", "en": "Go for it! Just a little more!" } ], "tags": [ "command", "conjugation" ], "notes": "Irregular: する → しろ, 来る → 来い, くれる → くれ. Very blunt; heard mainly from men, on signs, in emergencies and in cheering (がんばれ).", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "3d15b4966e3b17c328974324cf03da0b1b0430833c3aa80a320fa179ea17df35", "meanings": [ "做！（命令形）" ], "formation": "五段动词词尾变え段；一段动词去る＋ろ", "explanation": "以直接、强烈的语气命令对方。", "notes": "语气粗直，常见于紧急情况、标语或加油声；する→しろ／せよ，来る→来い。", "examples": [ { "ja": "早く起きろ！遅刻するぞ。", "zh": "快起床！要迟到了。" }, { "ja": "危ない！止まれ！", "zh": "危险！停下！" }, { "ja": "がんばれ！あと少しだ！", "zh": "加油！就差一点了！" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#e-ro", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "90f352394daa25c9de5d5dcaab6415a619a382231965a20c45482006f6310fe7" } }, { "id": "na-prohibition", "pattern": "〜な（prohibition）", "romaji": "na (prohibition)", "level": "N4", "meaning": "don't! (strong prohibition)", "formation": "Verb-dict + な", "examples": [ { "ja": "危ないから、この川では泳ぐな。", "furigana": "{危|あぶ}ないから、この{川|かわ}では{泳|およ}ぐな。", "en": "It's dangerous, so don't swim in this river." }, { "ja": "もう泣くな。大丈夫だよ。", "furigana": "もう{泣|な}くな。{大丈夫|だいじょうぶ}だよ。", "en": "Don't cry anymore. It's all right." }, { "ja": "壁に「ここにごみを捨てるな」と書いてある。", "furigana": "{壁|かべ}に「ここにごみを{捨|す}てるな」と{書|か}いてある。", "en": "It says \"Don't dump garbage here\" on the wall." } ], "tags": [ "prohibition", "command" ], "notes": "Very strong and blunt. Do not confuse it with the sentence-ending な that expresses feeling (いいな).", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "62925ab9606e20ab5a42fdca64af97710004b577ba8bdb60667182e695d07ae0", "meanings": [ "不许做" ], "formation": "动词辞书形＋な", "explanation": "以强烈直接的语气禁止某个动作。", "notes": "不要与表达感叹的句末な混淆。", "examples": [ { "ja": "危ないから、この川では泳ぐな。", "zh": "危险，不许在这条河里游泳。" }, { "ja": "もう泣くな。大丈夫だよ。", "zh": "别哭了，没事的。" }, { "ja": "壁に「ここにごみを捨てるな」と書いてある。", "zh": "墙上写着“禁止在此丢垃圾”。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#na-prohibition", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "fef66513143ec7c51cb381c17f204666f05ca1df8054af3d7bd46338b55dca0b" } }, { "id": "nasai", "pattern": "〜なさい", "romaji": "nasai", "level": "N4", "meaning": "do (instruction from a parent, teacher, etc.)", "formation": "Verb-stem + なさい", "examples": [ { "ja": "もう九時よ。早く寝なさい。", "furigana": "もう{九|く}{時|じ}よ。{早|はや}く{寝|ね}なさい。", "en": "It's already nine. Go to bed now." }, { "ja": "次の文を読んで、質問に答えなさい。", "furigana": "{次|つぎ}の{文|ぶん}を{読|よ}んで、{質問|しつもん}に{答|こた}えなさい。", "en": "Read the following passage and answer the questions." }, { "ja": "ご飯の前に手を洗いなさい。", "furigana": "ご{飯|はん}の{前|まえ}に{手|て}を{洗|あら}いなさい。", "en": "Wash your hands before eating." } ], "tags": [ "command" ], "notes": "Softer than the imperative form but still a firm instruction; used by parents, teachers and in exam directions, never toward superiors.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "e0c17b7d0da042d7cda1a639c0809a960c783d3ccc91c4ccdf632ebb1521db6e", "meanings": [ "做吧", "请做（指示）" ], "formation": "动词ます形词干＋なさい", "explanation": "用于家长、老师或试题等发出明确指示。", "notes": "比命令形缓和，但仍较直接，不用于上级。", "examples": [ { "ja": "もう九時よ。早く寝なさい。", "zh": "已经九点了，快去睡觉。" }, { "ja": "次の文を読んで、質問に答えなさい。", "zh": "阅读下面的文章并回答问题。" }, { "ja": "ご飯の前に手を洗いなさい。", "zh": "吃饭前洗手。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#nasai", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "b47b90b23e8558cf691be81db5fd1a929d1a859edc316b79f9e747eca6f98fdf" } }, { "id": "ba", "pattern": "〜ば", "romaji": "ba", "level": "N4", "meaning": "if", "formation": "Verb-ba / i-Adj stem + ければ / na-Adj + なら / Noun + なら", "examples": [ { "ja": "この道をまっすぐ行けば、駅に着きます。", "furigana": "この{道|みち}をまっすぐ{行|い}けば、{駅|えき}に{着|つ}きます。", "en": "If you go straight along this road, you'll reach the station." }, { "ja": "安ければ、買いたいです。", "furigana": "{安|やす}ければ、{買|か}いたいです。", "en": "If it's cheap, I'd like to buy it." }, { "ja": "分からないことがあれば、いつでも聞いてください。", "furigana": "{分|わ}からないことがあれば、いつでも{聞|き}いてください。", "en": "If there's anything you don't understand, feel free to ask anytime." } ], "tags": [ "condition" ], "notes": "Focuses on the condition needed for a result. When the main clause is a request or invitation, たら is usually more natural unless the ば-clause is a state (ある, いる, adjectives).", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "40b52871972541452b98e4ccd1af94441cd6df23d6d2d7eea544fb34c029c564", "meanings": [ "如果", "只要" ], "formation": "动词ば形／い形容词词干＋ければ／名词或な形容词＋なら", "explanation": "表示后项成立的条件。", "notes": "主句为请求或邀请时，视前项性质，たら常更自然。", "examples": [ { "ja": "この道をまっすぐ行けば、駅に着きます。", "zh": "沿这条路一直走，就能到车站。" }, { "ja": "安ければ、買いたいです。", "zh": "如果便宜，我想买。" }, { "ja": "分からないことがあれば、いつでも聞いてください。", "zh": "如果有不懂的地方，随时问我。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#ba", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "d9a71385862cc51c5b5910578dcffbcb252994ad31d03b3108e3db79f62323e8" } }, { "id": "tara", "pattern": "〜たら", "romaji": "tara", "level": "N4", "meaning": "if; when; after", "formation": "Verb-ta + ら / i-Adj stem + かったら / na-Adj + だったら / Noun + だったら", "examples": [ { "ja": "駅に着いたら、電話してください。", "furigana": "{駅|えき}に{着|つ}いたら、{電話|でんわ}してください。", "en": "Please call me when you get to the station." }, { "ja": "もし明日雨だったら、家で映画を見よう。", "furigana": "もし{明日|あした}{雨|あめ}だったら、{家|いえ}で{映画|えいが}を{見|み}よう。", "en": "If it rains tomorrow, let's watch a movie at home." }, { "ja": "暑かったら、窓を開けてもいいですよ。", "furigana": "{暑|あつ}かったら、{窓|まど}を{開|あ}けてもいいですよ。", "en": "If you're hot, feel free to open the window." } ], "tags": [ "condition", "time" ], "notes": "The most versatile conditional and very common in speech. With events certain to happen it means 'when/after'.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "462209406a489370e3015e337621cf43198aedc46b3927dc1460d11b482c402d", "meanings": [ "如果", "……之后", "当……时" ], "formation": "动词た形＋ら／い形容词词干＋かったら／名词或な形容词＋だったら", "explanation": "表示假设条件或某事发生后的时间。", "notes": "用于确定会发生的事件时，可译作“……之后”。", "examples": [ { "ja": "駅に着いたら、電話してください。", "zh": "到了车站请打电话。" }, { "ja": "もし明日雨だったら、家で映画を見よう。", "zh": "如果明天下雨，就在家看电影吧。" }, { "ja": "暑かったら、窓を開けてもいいですよ。", "zh": "如果你觉得热，可以打开窗户。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#tara", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "6414e3d544fb8e9bd44194626e06ace3e97684e57ec8c6cc588f7b81f591832c" } }, { "id": "nara", "pattern": "〜なら", "romaji": "nara", "level": "N4", "meaning": "if (it's the case that); if you're talking about", "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj / Noun + なら", "examples": [ { "ja": "京都へ行くなら、秋がいいですよ。", "furigana": "{京都|きょうと}へ{行|い}くなら、{秋|あき}がいいですよ。", "en": "If you're going to Kyoto, autumn is a good time." }, { "ja": "パソコンのことなら、兄に聞くといいよ。", "furigana": "パソコンのことなら、{兄|あに}に{聞|き}くといいよ。", "en": "If it's about computers, you should ask my older brother." }, { "ja": "そんなに眠いなら、今日は早く寝たら？", "furigana": "そんなに{眠|ねむ}いなら、{今日|きょう}は{早|はや}く{寝|ね}たら？", "en": "If you're that sleepy, why not go to bed early today?" } ], "tags": [ "condition", "topic" ], "notes": "Takes up what the listener said or a situation assumed to be true, then gives advice or an opinion. Unlike たら, the main action can come before the なら-clause.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "97e17545c59a8722c21419b41c30b028f8d0f95996ce5e30fb9a97dbb946b0a3", "meanings": [ "如果是……", "说到……的话" ], "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干／名词＋なら", "explanation": "以对方所说或假定的情况为前提，提出判断、建议等。", "notes": "后项的动作在时间上可以先于前项。", "examples": [ { "ja": "京都へ行くなら、秋がいいですよ。", "zh": "如果去京都，秋天是个好时候。" }, { "ja": "パソコンのことなら、兄に聞くといいよ。", "zh": "如果是电脑方面的问题，问我哥哥就好。" }, { "ja": "そんなに眠いなら、今日は早く寝たら？", "zh": "如果那么困，今天早点睡怎么样？" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#nara", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "7e8a15f77d982bf054ee5efd1d83fb0cc7fde061b7778d3aec518801db6156a2" } }, { "id": "to", "pattern": "〜と（conditional）", "romaji": "to", "level": "N4", "meaning": "when; if; whenever (natural or automatic result)", "formation": "Verb-dict / Verb-nai / i-Adj + と / na-Adj + だ + と / Noun + だ + と", "examples": [ { "ja": "このボタンを押すと、お茶が出ます。", "furigana": "このボタンを{押|お}すと、お{茶|ちゃ}が{出|で}ます。", "en": "When you press this button, tea comes out." }, { "ja": "春になると、桜が咲きます。", "furigana": "{春|はる}になると、{桜|さくら}が{咲|さ}きます。", "en": "When spring comes, the cherry blossoms bloom." }, { "ja": "この道を右に曲がると、左に郵便局があります。", "furigana": "この{道|みち}を{右|みぎ}に{曲|ま}がると、{左|ひだり}に{郵便|ゆうびん}{局|きょく}があります。", "en": "If you turn right on this road, there's a post office on the left." } ], "tags": [ "condition" ], "notes": "For natural results, how machines work, directions and habits. The main clause cannot be a request, wish or invitation.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "028a501ec5fa3c6bd4bb1fdab065ca50c354a1004c93963a9eb74bcb40a90253", "meanings": [ "一……就……", "如果" ], "formation": "动词辞书形／ない形／い形容词＋と；名词或な形容词＋だと", "explanation": "表示自然结果、规律、习惯或路线说明。", "notes": "后项通常不接请求、意志或邀请。", "examples": [ { "ja": "このボタンを押すと、お茶が出ます。", "zh": "按下这个按钮就会出茶。" }, { "ja": "春になると、桜が咲きます。", "zh": "春天一到樱花就开。" }, { "ja": "この道を右に曲がると、左に郵便局があります。", "zh": "这条路向右拐，左边有邮局。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#to", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "4e83b677981114130e48bc13282dea607ab8f1dc49f5f5a05d027672d3963459" } }, { "id": "te-mo-de-mo", "pattern": "〜ても / 〜でも", "romaji": "te mo / de mo", "level": "N4", "meaning": "even if; even though", "formation": "Verb-te + も / i-Adj-ku + ても / na-Adj + でも / Noun + でも", "examples": [ { "ja": "雨が降っても、試合はあります。", "furigana": "{雨|あめ}が{降|ふ}っても、{試合|しあい}はあります。", "en": "Even if it rains, the game will go ahead." }, { "ja": "いくら練習しても、なかなか上手になりません。", "furigana": "いくら{練習|れんしゅう}しても、なかなか{上手|じょうず}になりません。", "en": "No matter how much I practice, I just don't get any better." }, { "ja": "日曜日でも、この店は開いています。", "furigana": "{日曜日|にちようび}でも、この{店|みせ}は{開|あ}いています。", "en": "This shop is open even on Sundays." } ], "tags": [ "concession", "condition" ], "notes": "With question words or いくら it means 'no matter ...' (何を食べても, いくら待っても).", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "0eb6187498d1049093fc5b1f47b77d2e204f95967c98c771b0f752f81f487430", "meanings": [ "即使", "无论……也……" ], "formation": "动词て形＋も／い形容词词干＋くても／名词或な形容词＋でも", "explanation": "表示即使前项成立，后项仍然成立。", "notes": "与疑问词或いくら搭配时可表示“无论……”。", "examples": [ { "ja": "雨が降っても、試合はあります。", "zh": "即使下雨比赛也会举行。" }, { "ja": "いくら練習しても、なかなか上手になりません。", "zh": "无论练习多少，我都很难进步。" }, { "ja": "日曜日でも、この店は開いています。", "zh": "即使是星期天，这家店也营业。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#te-mo-de-mo", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "ac2eae0b7b4c657901651807199e1bfed8ce3a8b5f37283eae37f1180c4bf477" } }, { "id": "noni-although", "pattern": "〜のに（although）", "romaji": "noni (although)", "level": "N4", "meaning": "although; even though (with surprise or dissatisfaction)", "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj + のに / na-Adj + な + のに / Noun + な + のに", "examples": [ { "ja": "一生懸命勉強したのに、試験に落ちてしまった。", "furigana": "{一生懸命|いっしょうけんめい}{勉強|べんきょう}したのに、{試験|しけん}に{落|お}ちてしまった。", "en": "Even though I studied really hard, I failed the exam." }, { "ja": "日曜日なのに、会社に行かなければならない。", "furigana": "{日曜日|にちようび}なのに、{会社|かいしゃ}に{行|い}かなければならない。", "en": "Even though it's Sunday, I have to go to work." }, { "ja": "約束したのに、彼は来なかった。", "furigana": "{約束|やくそく}したのに、{彼|かれ}は{来|こ}なかった。", "en": "He didn't come, even though he promised." } ], "tags": [ "concession", "criticism" ], "notes": "Carries surprise, disappointment or complaint. The main clause cannot be a request or intention; use けど or ても there.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "20bd278f6e3a0a1c51bb9a82f1c03f89285ba7bd93df926232654fabfe749c56", "meanings": [ "虽然", "尽管" ], "formation": "动词简体／い形容词＋のに；名词或な形容词＋なのに", "explanation": "表示与预期相反的结果，常带惊讶、不满或遗憾。", "notes": "后项通常不接请求或意志表达。", "examples": [ { "ja": "一生懸命勉強したのに、試験に落ちてしまった。", "zh": "尽管努力学习了，我还是考试没通过。" }, { "ja": "日曜日なのに、会社に行かなければならない。", "zh": "虽然是星期天，我却必须去公司。" }, { "ja": "約束したのに、彼は来なかった。", "zh": "他明明约好了，却没有来。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#noni-although", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "ee5acbb806f4925eed0e02d4b0651ac5e286cd1250385526c97e83cc06918367" } }, { "id": "noni-purpose", "pattern": "〜のに（purpose）", "romaji": "noni (purpose)", "level": "N4", "meaning": "for; in order to (with use, time or cost)", "formation": "Verb-dict + のに / Noun + に", "examples": [ { "ja": "このかばんは旅行に行くのに便利です。", "furigana": "このかばんは{旅行|りょこう}に{行|い}くのに{便利|べんり}です。", "en": "This bag is handy for traveling." }, { "ja": "家から駅まで歩くのに二十分かかります。", "furigana": "{家|いえ}から{駅|えき}まで{歩|ある}くのに{二十分|にじゅっぷん}かかります。", "en": "It takes twenty minutes to walk from my house to the station." }, { "ja": "引っ越しするのに十万円ぐらいかかった。", "furigana": "{引|ひ}っ{越|こ}しするのに{十|じゅう}{万|まん}{円|えん}ぐらいかかった。", "en": "It cost about 100,000 yen to move." } ], "tags": [ "purpose" ], "notes": "Usually followed by words like 使う, いい, 便利, 必要 or かかる. With a noun, just に is used (旅行に便利).", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "a3ae9f1ce815d2c444aab5d6b05a577b260683e4a774b7b75c96ca7100371669", "meanings": [ "用于", "为了……所需" ], "formation": "动词辞书形＋のに／名词＋に", "explanation": "表示用途，或说明做某事所需的时间、费用等。", "notes": "常与便利、必要、かかる等搭配。", "examples": [ { "ja": "このかばんは旅行に行くのに便利です。", "zh": "这个包旅行时很方便。" }, { "ja": "家から駅まで歩くのに二十分かかります。", "zh": "从家走到车站需要二十分钟。" }, { "ja": "引っ越しするのに十万円ぐらいかかった。", "zh": "搬家花了大约十万日元。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#noni-purpose", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "6a807733410fb021a57ab8f2492cbe8310b05e7cc2ad17b8d19fd6feffbbb253" } }, { "id": "node", "pattern": "〜ので", "romaji": "node", "level": "N4", "meaning": "because; since", "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj + ので / na-Adj + な + ので / Noun + な + ので", "examples": [ { "ja": "頭が痛いので、今日は早く帰ります。", "furigana": "{頭|あたま}が{痛|いた}いので、{今日|きょう}は{早|はや}く{帰|かえ}ります。", "en": "I have a headache, so I'm going home early today." }, { "ja": "明日はテストなので、今夜は勉強します。", "furigana": "{明日|あした}はテストなので、{今夜|こんや}は{勉強|べんきょう}します。", "en": "I have a test tomorrow, so I'm studying tonight." }, { "ja": "道がこんでいたので、少し遅れました。", "furigana": "{道|みち}がこんでいたので、{少|すこ}し{遅|おく}れました。", "en": "The roads were crowded, so I was a little late." } ], "tags": [ "reason" ], "notes": "Sounds softer and more objective than から, so it is preferred when giving reasons politely or apologizing.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "4867d71da3ee289acf4acd8f2465691bfc5c4b872adc72bd4fd403074ffe3629", "meanings": [ "因为", "由于" ], "formation": "动词简体／い形容词＋ので；名词或な形容词＋なので", "explanation": "说明原因或理由。", "notes": "语气一般比から柔和，常用于礼貌解释或道歉。", "examples": [ { "ja": "頭が痛いので、今日は早く帰ります。", "zh": "因为头疼，我今天早点回家。" }, { "ja": "明日はテストなので、今夜は勉強します。", "zh": "因为明天有考试，今晚我要学习。" }, { "ja": "道がこんでいたので、少し遅れました。", "zh": "因为路上拥堵，我稍微迟到了。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#node", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "9366ccf5586de2727e54202679344cae257b3e87f54c4da5990be8aa5063fcd6" } }, { "id": "te-reason", "pattern": "〜て（reason）", "romaji": "te (reason)", "level": "N4", "meaning": "because; so (cause of a feeling or state)", "formation": "Verb-te / i-Adj stem + くて / na-Adj + で / Noun + で", "examples": [ { "ja": "ニュースを聞いて、びっくりしました。", "furigana": "ニュースを{聞|き}いて、びっくりしました。", "en": "I was surprised to hear the news." }, { "ja": "このスープは熱くて、飲めません。", "furigana": "このスープは{熱|あつ}くて、{飲|の}めません。", "en": "This soup is too hot to drink." }, { "ja": "かぜで学校を休みました。", "furigana": "かぜで{学校|がっこう}を{休|やす}みました。", "en": "I stayed home from school with a cold." } ], "tags": [ "reason" ], "notes": "The second part is usually a feeling, a potential form or a result, not a request or intention (use から or ので for those). Negative: 〜なくて (会えなくて寂しい).", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "e1e5b8ed806a683c923a4b63542bd29ab8d0ad28309420de8f0d50fd177074a5", "meanings": [ "因为", "由于" ], "formation": "动词て形／い形容词词干＋くて／名词或な形容词＋で", "explanation": "表示导致情绪、状态或结果的原因。", "notes": "后项通常不用请求或意志表达；否定可用〜なくて。", "examples": [ { "ja": "ニュースを聞いて、びっくりしました。", "zh": "听到消息后我很吃惊。" }, { "ja": "このスープは熱くて、飲めません。", "zh": "这汤太烫，没法喝。" }, { "ja": "かぜで学校を休みました。", "zh": "我因为感冒没去学校。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#te-reason", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "2202e81cbe429593a3308714606877ebf41c10a3a753201ae7fd300fce093657" } }, { "id": "shi", "pattern": "〜し", "romaji": "shi", "level": "N4", "meaning": "and what's more; and besides (listing reasons)", "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj + し / na-Adj + だ + し / Noun + だ + し", "examples": [ { "ja": "この部屋は広いし、駅から近いし、とても気に入っています。", "furigana": "この{部屋|へや}は{広|ひろ}いし、{駅|えき}から{近|ちか}いし、とても{気|き}に{入|い}っています。", "en": "This apartment is spacious and close to the station, so I really like it." }, { "ja": "今日は雨だし、疲れているし、どこにも行きたくない。", "furigana": "{今日|きょう}は{雨|あめ}だし、{疲|つか}れているし、どこにも{行|い}きたくない。", "en": "It's raining and I'm tired, so I don't want to go anywhere today." }, { "ja": "もう遅いし、そろそろ帰ろうか。", "furigana": "もう{遅|おそ}いし、そろそろ{帰|かえ}ろうか。", "en": "It's getting late, so shall we head home?" } ], "tags": [ "reason", "addition" ], "notes": "Lists several reasons or points. A single し hints that there are other reasons too.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "d064b33c1508ed27292e0e287de057cf575eb2d957bd301d162c918f8b10168c", "meanings": [ "而且", "又……又……" ], "formation": "动词简体／い形容词＋し；名词或な形容词＋だし", "explanation": "列举多个理由或特点，也可暗示还有其他理由。", "notes": "单独使用一个し也可以暗示列举未尽。", "examples": [ { "ja": "この部屋は広いし、駅から近いし、とても気に入っています。", "zh": "这房间宽敞又离车站近，我很喜欢。" }, { "ja": "今日は雨だし、疲れているし、どこにも行きたくない。", "zh": "今天下雨又累，我哪里都不想去。" }, { "ja": "もう遅いし、そろそろ帰ろうか。", "zh": "已经晚了，我们差不多回去吧。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#shi", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "8553595c256b7e46043ec7e2b5ed7b33da56c99159eea21972c22755fce34bdc" } }, { "id": "kedo-keredomo", "pattern": "〜けど / 〜けれども", "romaji": "kedo / keredomo", "level": "N4", "meaning": "but; although; (soft lead-in)", "formation": "Sentence + けど / けれども", "examples": [ { "ja": "この店は高いけど、おいしい。", "furigana": "この{店|みせ}は{高|たか}いけど、おいしい。", "en": "This place is expensive, but the food is good." }, { "ja": "すみません、駅に行きたいんですけど、どう行けばいいですか。", "furigana": "すみません、{駅|えき}に{行|い}きたいんですけど、どう{行|い}けばいいですか。", "en": "Excuse me, I'd like to get to the station. How do I get there?" }, { "ja": "何度も電話したけれども、誰も出なかった。", "furigana": "{何|なん}{度|ど}も{電話|でんわ}したけれども、{誰|だれ}も{出|で}なかった。", "en": "I called several times, but nobody answered." } ], "tags": [ "contrast", "casual" ], "notes": "More conversational than が; けれども is a little more formal than けど. Often used as a soft lead-in before a question or request.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "ff16215dff6cd4b9c140d070c591739dc1f308ae505f5a5405a4a775563345d3", "meanings": [ "但是", "虽然", "委婉引出话题" ], "formation": "句子＋けど／けれども", "explanation": "表示转折，也可在提问或请求之前引出情况。", "notes": "けれども比けど稍正式；名词和な形容词的简体肯定接だけど，如学生だけど。", "examples": [ { "ja": "この店は高いけど、おいしい。", "zh": "这家店贵，但是好吃。" }, { "ja": "すみません、駅に行きたいんですけど、どう行けばいいですか。", "zh": "不好意思，我想去车站，请问怎么走？" }, { "ja": "何度も電話したけれども、誰も出なかった。", "zh": "我打了好几次电话，却没人接。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#kedo-keredomo", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "cd2bbed368cf065155994564d20a90d4dfeb52445ef3e588ff063bb79c940213" } }, { "id": "tame-ni", "pattern": "〜ために", "romaji": "tame ni", "level": "N4", "meaning": "in order to; for (the sake of); because of", "formation": "Verb-dict / Verb-ta / Noun + の + ために", "examples": [ { "ja": "日本の大学に入るために、毎日勉強しています。", "furigana": "{日本|にほん}の{大学|だいがく}に{入|はい}るために、{毎日|まいにち}{勉強|べんきょう}しています。", "en": "I study every day in order to get into a Japanese university." }, { "ja": "家族のために、一生懸命働いている。", "furigana": "{家族|かぞく}のために、{一生懸命|いっしょうけんめい}{働|はたら}いている。", "en": "I work hard for my family." }, { "ja": "大雪のために、電車が止まりました。", "furigana": "{大雪|おおゆき}のために、{電車|でんしゃ}が{止|と}まりました。", "en": "The trains stopped because of the heavy snow." } ], "tags": [ "purpose", "reason" ], "notes": "For purpose, the verb must be something the subject can control (compare 〜ように). The 'because of' use sounds fairly formal.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "3a19f6604cbbe65836cc40d4e1c1e90924f92cb540f8d15ecd28baeac9c07755", "meanings": [ "为了", "由于" ], "formation": "动词辞书形／た形、い形容词普通形＋ために；な形容词＋なために；名词＋のために", "explanation": "表示目的、受益对象或原因。", "notes": "表示目的时，前项一般是主体可以自主控制的动作。", "examples": [ { "ja": "日本の大学に入るために、毎日勉強しています。", "zh": "为了进入日本的大学，我每天学习。" }, { "ja": "家族のために、一生懸命働いている。", "zh": "我为了家人努力工作。" }, { "ja": "大雪のために、電車が止まりました。", "zh": "由于大雪，电车停运了。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#tame-ni", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "010325d98c4690e3ead18d363882ab84f55d84437a4f3314b4664ce12591156b" } }, { "id": "you-ni", "pattern": "〜ように（purpose）", "romaji": "you ni", "level": "N4", "meaning": "so that; in order that", "formation": "Verb-dict / Verb-nai + ように", "examples": [ { "ja": "後ろの人にも聞こえるように、大きな声で話してください。", "furigana": "{後|うし}ろの{人|ひと}にも{聞|き}こえるように、{大|おお}きな{声|こえ}で{話|はな}してください。", "en": "Please speak loudly so that the people in the back can hear too." }, { "ja": "忘れないように、手にメモを書いた。", "furigana": "{忘|わす}れないように、{手|て}にメモを{書|か}いた。", "en": "I wrote a note on my hand so I wouldn't forget." }, { "ja": "かぜをひかないように、暖かくして寝てください。", "furigana": "かぜをひかないように、{暖|あたた}かくして{寝|ね}てください。", "en": "Keep warm when you sleep so you don't catch a cold." } ], "tags": [ "purpose" ], "notes": "Used with verbs the subject can't directly control: potential forms, 分かる, 見える, negatives. For deliberate actions use ために.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "777d8c3bf2058e68d30f92469f3280b823ea44c64b128e6ea7fa2a5555b7932e", "meanings": [ "为了使", "以便" ], "formation": "动词辞书形／ない形＋ように", "explanation": "表示希望实现的状态或避免的情况。", "notes": "常与可能形、无意志动词及否定形搭配。", "examples": [ { "ja": "後ろの人にも聞こえるように、大きな声で話してください。", "zh": "请大声说，让后面的人也能听见。" }, { "ja": "忘れないように、手にメモを書いた。", "zh": "我在手上写了备忘，免得忘记。" }, { "ja": "かぜをひかないように、暖かくして寝てください。", "zh": "睡觉时请注意保暖，以免感冒。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#you-ni", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "a618d72cad272d985f8cf1a66837df4aa375084fe1cb666ad2f0799605c97ebd" } }, { "id": "you-ni-suru", "pattern": "〜ようにする", "romaji": "you ni suru", "level": "N4", "meaning": "try to; make sure to; make a habit of", "formation": "Verb-dict / Verb-nai + ようにする", "examples": [ { "ja": "毎日野菜を食べるようにしています。", "furigana": "{毎日|まいにち}{野菜|やさい}を{食|た}べるようにしています。", "en": "I make a point of eating vegetables every day." }, { "ja": "これからは遅刻しないようにします。", "furigana": "これからは{遅刻|ちこく}しないようにします。", "en": "From now on, I'll make sure not to be late." }, { "ja": "寝る前にスマホを見ないようにしている。", "furigana": "{寝|ね}る{前|まえ}にスマホを{見|み}ないようにしている。", "en": "I try not to look at my phone before bed." } ], "tags": [ "attempt", "intention" ], "notes": "〜ようにしている describes a habit you keep up. Compare 〜ようになる, a change that comes about.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "2a5f3d8e1183f3018832bd550097983393e712ce49fce8115b721bb93c306b2e", "meanings": [ "努力做到", "养成习惯" ], "formation": "动词辞书形／ない形＋ようにする", "explanation": "表示努力做到某事或有意识地保持某种习惯。", "notes": "〜ようにしている强调持续的习惯。", "examples": [ { "ja": "毎日野菜を食べるようにしています。", "zh": "我坚持每天吃蔬菜。" }, { "ja": "これからは遅刻しないようにします。", "zh": "从今以后我会注意不迟到。" }, { "ja": "寝る前にスマホを見ないようにしている。", "zh": "我尽量在睡前不看手机。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#you-ni-suru", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "a839d02b0e5790a1e83c272eb103b017591ba22c90db18698d29b249b452783c" } }, { "id": "you-ni-naru", "pattern": "〜ようになる", "romaji": "you ni naru", "level": "N4", "meaning": "come to; reach the point where (change in ability or habit)", "formation": "Verb-dict / Verb-nai + ようになる", "examples": [ { "ja": "練習して、自転車に乗れるようになりました。", "furigana": "{練習|れんしゅう}して、{自転車|じてんしゃ}に{乗|の}れるようになりました。", "en": "After practicing, I became able to ride a bike." }, { "ja": "日本に来てから、朝ご飯を食べるようになった。", "furigana": "{日本|にほん}に{来|き}てから、{朝|あさ}ご{飯|はん}を{食|た}べるようになった。", "en": "Since coming to Japan, I've started eating breakfast." }, { "ja": "赤ちゃんが少しずつ話せるようになってきた。", "furigana": "{赤|あか}ちゃんが{少|すこ}しずつ{話|はな}せるようになってきた。", "en": "Our baby is gradually learning to talk." } ], "tags": [ "change", "ability" ], "notes": "Often used with potential verbs. For 'no longer', 〜なくなる is usually more natural than 〜ないようになる.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "5d7462e8c130e267b94361b53e7731ba42ce3a22f312ad9a07fbedfea5952fd8", "meanings": [ "变得能够", "开始……" ], "formation": "动词辞书形／ない形＋ようになる", "explanation": "表示能力、习惯等发生变化。", "notes": "常与可能形搭配，表示从不会到会。", "examples": [ { "ja": "練習して、自転車に乗れるようになりました。", "zh": "练习之后，我学会了骑自行车。" }, { "ja": "日本に来てから、朝ご飯を食べるようになった。", "zh": "来到日本后，我开始吃早饭了。" }, { "ja": "赤ちゃんが少しずつ話せるようになってきた。", "zh": "宝宝渐渐开始会说话了。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#you-ni-naru", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "dd12d6be62d81cc4dccc219d80ad61edde3071409b98099d81dcdcb8c5a7e459" } }, { "id": "te-hoshii", "pattern": "〜てほしい", "romaji": "te hoshii", "level": "N4", "meaning": "want someone to do", "formation": "Verb-te + ほしい / Verb-nai + で + ほしい", "examples": [ { "ja": "もう少しゆっくり話してほしいです。", "furigana": "もう{少|すこ}しゆっくり{話|はな}してほしいです。", "en": "I'd like you to speak a little more slowly." }, { "ja": "この話は誰にも言わないでほしい。", "furigana": "この{話|はなし}は{誰|だれ}にも{言|い}わないでほしい。", "en": "I don't want you to tell anyone about this." }, { "ja": "早く春が来てほしいなあ。", "furigana": "{早|はや}く{春|はる}が{来|き}てほしいなあ。", "en": "I wish spring would hurry up and come." } ], "tags": [ "desire", "request" ], "notes": "The person you want to act is marked with に. Said to a superior it can sound demanding; 〜ていただきたいです is more polite.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "8f750cae204e0f195f3fd9f4c6e0cb7c000cdc6f1d83753c1f3c8788d34928fd", "meanings": [ "希望别人做" ], "formation": "动词て形＋ほしい／动词ない形＋でほしい", "explanation": "表示希望某人做或不做某事，也可表示期望某事发生。", "notes": "希望采取动作的人常用に标记；对上级使用可能显得强硬。", "examples": [ { "ja": "もう少しゆっくり話してほしいです。", "zh": "希望你再说慢一点。" }, { "ja": "この話は誰にも言わないでほしい。", "zh": "我希望你不要把这件事告诉任何人。" }, { "ja": "早く春が来てほしいなあ。", "zh": "真希望春天快点到来。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#te-hoshii", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "8be1b216c57a4a5d097048fd4cf88d15335a4c99a63e3dd3a74d0a389a93cf7a" } }, { "id": "tagaru", "pattern": "〜たがる", "romaji": "tagaru", "level": "N4", "meaning": "(someone else) wants to", "formation": "Verb-stem + たがる", "examples": [ { "ja": "子どもたちは外で遊びたがっている。", "furigana": "{子|こ}どもたちは{外|そと}で{遊|あそ}びたがっている。", "en": "The children want to play outside." }, { "ja": "弟はいつも私のゲームをやりたがる。", "furigana": "{弟|おとうと}はいつも{私|わたし}のゲームをやりたがる。", "en": "My little brother always wants to play my games." }, { "ja": "犬が散歩に行きたがっています。", "furigana": "{犬|いぬ}が{散歩|さんぽ}に{行|い}きたがっています。", "en": "The dog wants to go for a walk." } ], "tags": [ "desire" ], "notes": "Used for other people, since you can't directly know their wishes. Current wishes are usually expressed with 〜たがっている.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "ae71e0056c51f2e8c05c41088b7f01b42e546c3534813d4e7982e4e7a6fb300c", "meanings": [ "表现出想做的样子" ], "formation": "动词ます形词干＋たがる", "explanation": "根据表现描述他人的愿望。", "notes": "当前表现出来的愿望常用〜たがっている。", "examples": [ { "ja": "子どもたちは外で遊びたがっている。", "zh": "孩子们想在外面玩。" }, { "ja": "弟はいつも私のゲームをやりたがる。", "zh": "弟弟总想玩我的游戏。" }, { "ja": "犬が散歩に行きたがっています。", "zh": "狗想去散步。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#tagaru", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "e8c44cad720dcb9660bb3269c7dedba8549a1a2ca8b7260dbc24268251cd5b7d" } }, { "id": "garu", "pattern": "〜がる", "romaji": "garu", "level": "N4", "meaning": "(someone else) feels; shows signs of feeling", "formation": "i-Adj stem / na-Adj + がる", "examples": [ { "ja": "妹は暗い所を怖がる。", "furigana": "{妹|いもうと}は{暗|くら}い{所|ところ}を{怖|こわ}がる。", "en": "My little sister is scared of dark places." }, { "ja": "祖母は孫に会えなくて寂しがっている。", "furigana": "{祖母|そぼ}は{孫|まご}に{会|あ}えなくて{寂|さび}しがっている。", "en": "My grandmother is lonely because she can't see her grandchildren." }, { "ja": "息子は新しい自転車をほしがっている。", "furigana": "{息子|むすこ}は{新|あたら}しい{自転車|じてんしゃ}をほしがっている。", "en": "My son wants a new bicycle." } ], "tags": [ "emotion", "appearance" ], "notes": "Turns feeling adjectives (怖い, 寂しい, ほしい) into verbs describing how others seem to feel. The object of the feeling takes を.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "851279154d8d6e2e5c4a49cb62a07766447178cc0dbb977b2724acf01dbbf661", "meanings": [ "表现出……的感受" ], "formation": "い形容词词干／な形容词＋がる", "explanation": "根据外在表现描述他人的感受或愿望。", "notes": "接怖い、寂しい、ほしい等表示感情的词；对象常用を。", "examples": [ { "ja": "妹は暗い所を怖がる。", "zh": "妹妹害怕黑暗的地方。" }, { "ja": "祖母は孫に会えなくて寂しがっている。", "zh": "奶奶见不到孙辈，感到寂寞。" }, { "ja": "息子は新しい自転車をほしがっている。", "zh": "儿子想要一辆新自行车。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#garu", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "496ffd473010cf281effffb8f66db051fee48dcc0151379093ffbe084a2da0da" } }, { "id": "kamo-shirenai", "pattern": "〜かもしれない", "romaji": "kamo shirenai", "level": "N4", "meaning": "might; may; possibly", "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj / Noun + かもしれない", "examples": [ { "ja": "午後から雨が降るかもしれません。", "furigana": "{午後|ごご}から{雨|あめ}が{降|ふ}るかもしれません。", "en": "It might rain in the afternoon." }, { "ja": "かぎがない。電車の中で落としたかもしれない。", "furigana": "かぎがない。{電車|でんしゃ}の{中|なか}で{落|お}としたかもしれない。", "en": "My keys are gone. I might have dropped them on the train." }, { "ja": "その話は本当かもしれない。", "furigana": "その{話|はなし}は{本当|ほんとう}かもしれない。", "en": "That story might be true." } ], "tags": [ "possibility", "conjecture" ], "notes": "About 50% certainty or less. In casual speech it is often shortened to かも.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "f735db3a465d0d3c5f35b6d29b5d5175a6f505dce2a846b1492745e268718ef1", "meanings": [ "也许", "可能" ], "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干／名词＋かもしれない", "explanation": "表示可能发生或可能成立，但没有把握。", "notes": "口语中常缩为かも。", "examples": [ { "ja": "午後から雨が降るかもしれません。", "zh": "下午可能会下雨。" }, { "ja": "かぎがない。電車の中で落としたかもしれない。", "zh": "钥匙不见了，可能掉在电车里了。" }, { "ja": "その話は本当かもしれない。", "zh": "那个说法可能是真的。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#kamo-shirenai", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "ddfeba091cc92a2647874e729eb6c886178f5abad3d6ae7738b94e3fc820b5d8" } }, { "id": "darou", "pattern": "〜だろう", "romaji": "darou", "level": "N4", "meaning": "probably; I suppose (plain form of でしょう)", "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj / Noun + だろう", "examples": [ { "ja": "明日はたぶん晴れるだろう。", "furigana": "{明日|あした}はたぶん{晴|は}れるだろう。", "en": "It will probably be sunny tomorrow." }, { "ja": "彼女はもう家に着いただろう。", "furigana": "{彼女|かのじょ}はもう{家|いえ}に{着|つ}いただろう。", "en": "She has probably gotten home by now." }, { "ja": "この問題は子どもには難しいだろうと思います。", "furigana": "この{問題|もんだい}は{子|こ}どもには{難|むずか}しいだろうと{思|おも}います。", "en": "I think this problem is probably too hard for children." } ], "tags": [ "conjecture" ], "notes": "Common in writing and in men's casual speech; でしょう is the polite form. Often used with たぶん or きっと, or as 〜だろうと思う.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "557467b8b2c8fc3d19d7a165735de9e7e7599da986fa12838436d966a131d884", "meanings": [ "大概", "我想" ], "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干／名词＋だろう", "explanation": "表示推测，是でしょう的简体形式。", "notes": "常与たぶん等副词搭配。", "examples": [ { "ja": "明日はたぶん晴れるだろう。", "zh": "明天大概会放晴。" }, { "ja": "彼女はもう家に着いただろう。", "zh": "她现在应该已经到家了。" }, { "ja": "この問題は子どもには難しいだろうと思います。", "zh": "我想这道题对孩子来说大概太难了。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#darou", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "527d4501225639dbfccf6b7aeb4bb7b80c98974d70117fdf4961b4fb7fdb0a68" } }, { "id": "hazu-da", "pattern": "〜はずだ", "romaji": "hazu da", "level": "N4", "meaning": "should be; is expected to (based on reasoning)", "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj + はずだ / na-Adj + な + はずだ / Noun + の + はずだ", "examples": [ { "ja": "荷物は明日届くはずです。", "furigana": "{荷物|にもつ}は{明日|あした}{届|とど}くはずです。", "en": "The package should arrive tomorrow." }, { "ja": "彼は十年もアメリカに住んでいたから、英語が上手なはずだ。", "furigana": "{彼|かれ}は{十|じゅう}{年|ねん}もアメリカに{住|す}んでいたから、{英語|えいご}が{上手|じょうず}なはずだ。", "en": "He lived in America for ten years, so his English should be good." }, { "ja": "おかしいな。かぎはここに置いたはずなのに。", "furigana": "おかしいな。かぎはここに{置|お}いたはずなのに。", "en": "That's strange. I'm sure I put the keys here." } ], "tags": [ "conjecture" ], "notes": "A confident expectation based on facts or logic, not a guess. It does not mean 'should' as a duty.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "07ba66046317ad12720e15466f9ae37070a2a233bdaefabeac9a1be6a4354f9a", "meanings": [ "应该", "按理说" ], "formation": "动词简体／い形容词＋はずだ；な形容词＋なはずだ；名词＋のはずだ", "explanation": "根据事实或推理作出有依据的预期。", "notes": "表示推断，不表示义务。", "examples": [ { "ja": "荷物は明日届くはずです。", "zh": "包裹应该明天到。" }, { "ja": "彼は十年もアメリカに住んでいたから、英語が上手なはずだ。", "zh": "他在美国住了十年，英语应该很好。" }, { "ja": "おかしいな。かぎはここに置いたはずなのに。", "zh": "奇怪，我明明记得把钥匙放在这里了。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#hazu-da", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "eb2855d4cef55e651a17196686061bb5d6d5b83aa350a1a4899d00469c098417" } }, { "id": "hazu-ga-nai", "pattern": "〜はずがない", "romaji": "hazu ga nai", "level": "N4", "meaning": "can't be; there's no way that", "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj + はずがない / na-Adj + な + はずがない / Noun + の + はずがない", "examples": [ { "ja": "あんなにまじめな人がうそをつくはずがない。", "furigana": "あんなにまじめな{人|ひと}がうそをつくはずがない。", "en": "There's no way someone that earnest would lie." }, { "ja": "今日は日曜日だから、銀行が開いているはずがない。", "furigana": "{今日|きょう}は{日曜日|にちようび}だから、{銀行|ぎんこう}が{開|あ}いているはずがない。", "en": "It's Sunday, so the bank can't be open." }, { "ja": "かぎはちゃんとかけたから、ドアが開いているはずがない。", "furigana": "かぎはちゃんとかけたから、ドアが{開|あ}いているはずがない。", "en": "I definitely locked it, so there's no way the door is open." } ], "tags": [ "conjecture", "negation" ], "notes": "Strong denial based on reasoning. 〜ないはずだ ('should not be') is a milder expectation.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "d9420d77a154dcfeb68807964a2cebc18698f94adedd779eaefd485092544d0b", "meanings": [ "不可能", "不应该会" ], "formation": "动词简体／い形容词＋はずがない；な形容词＋なはずがない；名词＋のはずがない", "explanation": "根据理由强烈否定某种可能性。", "notes": "比〜ないはずだ的否定预期更强。", "examples": [ { "ja": "あんなにまじめな人がうそをつくはずがない。", "zh": "那么认真诚实的人不可能说谎。" }, { "ja": "今日は日曜日だから、銀行が開いているはずがない。", "zh": "今天是星期天，银行不可能开门。" }, { "ja": "かぎはちゃんとかけたから、ドアが開いているはずがない。", "zh": "我确实锁了门，门不可能开着。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#hazu-ga-nai", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "ca09ec025c339539c9a7f705afe18e8dc6effb7a49e1ab061fd8e09e22f11188" } }, { "id": "n-desu-no-desu", "pattern": "〜んです / 〜のです", "romaji": "n desu / no desu", "level": "N4", "meaning": "it's that ...; (explaining or asking for an explanation)", "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj + んです / na-Adj + な + んです / Noun + な + んです", "examples": [ { "ja": "どうしたんですか。顔色が悪いですよ。", "furigana": "どうしたんですか。{顔色|かおいろ}が{悪|わる}いですよ。", "en": "What's the matter? You look pale." }, { "ja": "すみません、遅れました。電車が止まっていたんです。", "furigana": "すみません、{遅|おく}れました。{電車|でんしゃ}が{止|と}まっていたんです。", "en": "Sorry I'm late. The trains had stopped." }, { "ja": "日本語で手紙を書きたいんですが、手伝ってくれませんか。", "furigana": "{日本語|にほんご}で{手紙|てがみ}を{書|か}きたいんですが、{手伝|てつだ}ってくれませんか。", "en": "I want to write a letter in Japanese. Could you help me?" } ], "tags": [ "reason", "emphasis" ], "notes": "Adds a sense of explaining a situation or asking for the background. Casual forms are 〜んだ and 〜の. Overusing it can sound pushy.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "d2e0c599495c485508334e98b81f3030c192b79167d523c91d29493db65e3a33", "meanings": [ "说明情况", "询问原因" ], "formation": "动词简体／い形容词＋んです；名词或な形容词＋なんです", "explanation": "说明背景或理由，也可询问对方的情况。", "notes": "口语简体有んだ和の。", "examples": [ { "ja": "どうしたんですか。顔色が悪いですよ。", "zh": "怎么了？你的脸色不好。" }, { "ja": "すみません、遅れました。電車が止まっていたんです。", "zh": "抱歉，我迟到了。电车停运了。" }, { "ja": "日本語で手紙を書きたいんですが、手伝ってくれませんか。", "zh": "我想用日语写信，你能帮我吗？" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#n-desu-no-desu", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "b81260058c9c14699d174450124640ad2abdad23e6c12f3c2e4e47119695ac2c" } }, { "id": "ka-dou-ka", "pattern": "〜かどうか", "romaji": "ka dou ka", "level": "N4", "meaning": "whether or not", "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj / Noun + かどうか", "examples": [ { "ja": "明日行けるかどうか、まだ分かりません。", "furigana": "{明日|あした}{行|い}けるかどうか、まだ{分|わ}かりません。", "en": "I don't know yet whether I can go tomorrow." }, { "ja": "この服が似合うかどうか、ちょっと着てみます。", "furigana": "この{服|ふく}が{似合|にあ}うかどうか、ちょっと{着|き}てみます。", "en": "I'll try this on to see whether it suits me." }, { "ja": "そのレストランがおいしいかどうか、友達に聞いてみよう。", "furigana": "そのレストランがおいしいかどうか、{友達|ともだち}に{聞|き}いてみよう。", "en": "I'll ask my friend whether that restaurant is any good." } ], "tags": [ "question" ], "notes": "Embeds a yes-no question in a sentence. For questions with a question word, use 〜か alone (何時に来るか).", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "854519a690e858bd1a4afb025197c207fbf6d6bb0013ccceb09c2b1fb2c21830", "meanings": [ "是否", "是不是" ], "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干／名词＋かどうか", "explanation": "将是非疑问嵌入句中，表示“是否”。", "notes": "含疑问词的疑问句通常只用か。", "examples": [ { "ja": "明日行けるかどうか、まだ分かりません。", "zh": "我还不知道明天能不能去。" }, { "ja": "この服が似合うかどうか、ちょっと着てみます。", "zh": "我试穿一下，看这件衣服是否适合我。" }, { "ja": "そのレストランがおいしいかどうか、友達に聞いてみよう。", "zh": "我问问朋友那家餐厅好不好吃。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#ka-dou-ka", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "cbd06c3897ef7f1668e19acaf0652d81d50db16c235854017f7449d568a0b38d" } }, { "id": "ka-embedded-question", "pattern": "〜か（embedded question）", "romaji": "ka (embedded question)", "level": "N4", "meaning": "embedded question (what, where, who, etc.)", "formation": "Question word + ... + Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj / Noun + か", "examples": [ { "ja": "会議が何時に始まるか、教えてください。", "furigana": "{会議|かいぎ}が{何|なん}{時|じ}に{始|はじ}まるか、{教|おし}えてください。", "en": "Please tell me what time the meeting starts." }, { "ja": "どこで財布をなくしたか、覚えていません。", "furigana": "どこで{財布|さいふ}をなくしたか、{覚|おぼ}えていません。", "en": "I don't remember where I lost my wallet." }, { "ja": "誰が窓を割ったか、知っていますか。", "furigana": "{誰|だれ}が{窓|まど}を{割|わ}ったか、{知|し}っていますか。", "en": "Do you know who broke the window?" } ], "tags": [ "question" ], "notes": "After a noun or na-adjective, だ is dropped (誰の傘か知らない).", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "edf441ff91e18cba6c2b25821246865ff55c5e82fe4d61451f96be6275d46877", "meanings": [ "……什么／哪里等（嵌入疑问）" ], "formation": "疑问词＋句子简体＋か", "explanation": "将带疑问词的问题嵌入其他句子中。", "notes": "名词或な形容词后的だ通常省略。", "examples": [ { "ja": "会議が何時に始まるか、教えてください。", "zh": "请告诉我会议几点开始。" }, { "ja": "どこで財布をなくしたか、覚えていません。", "zh": "我不记得在哪里丢了钱包。" }, { "ja": "誰が窓を割ったか、知っていますか。", "zh": "你知道是谁打破窗户的吗？" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#ka-embedded-question", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "23e69eabd8906b56eaa2b7167ff70937ccad989e7efb54a4fe10339576bd8ca6" } }, { "id": "to-omou", "pattern": "〜と思う", "reading": "〜とおもう", "romaji": "to omou", "level": "N4", "meaning": "I think that", "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj + と思う / na-Adj + だ + と思う / Noun + だ + と思う", "examples": [ { "ja": "この映画はきっと人気が出ると思う。", "furigana": "この{映画|えいが}はきっと{人気|にんき}が{出|で}ると{思|おも}う。", "en": "I'm sure this movie will become popular." }, { "ja": "彼女は今日は来ないと思います。", "furigana": "{彼女|かのじょ}は{今日|きょう}は{来|こ}ないと{思|おも}います。", "en": "I don't think she's coming today." }, { "ja": "日本の電車はとても便利だと思います。", "furigana": "{日本|にほん}の{電車|でんしゃ}はとても{便利|べんり}だと{思|おも}います。", "en": "I think trains in Japan are very convenient." } ], "tags": [ "quotation", "conjecture" ], "notes": "Japanese usually negates the quoted clause (来ないと思う) rather than 思う. For another person's opinion, use 〜と思っている.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "69fe1116323be6a13a649f073d77312b0c578a748bceb7299f6a743e136a07e4", "meanings": [ "认为", "觉得" ], "formation": "动词简体／い形容词＋と思う；名词或な形容词＋だと思う", "explanation": "表示说话人的想法或判断。", "notes": "描述他人的想法常用〜と思っている。", "examples": [ { "ja": "この映画はきっと人気が出ると思う。", "zh": "我认为这部电影一定会受欢迎。" }, { "ja": "彼女は今日は来ないと思います。", "zh": "我觉得她今天不会来。" }, { "ja": "日本の電車はとても便利だと思います。", "zh": "我认为日本的电车非常方便。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#to-omou", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "c8dbabaa73362c5d8ec402874a24a17f7b97855b3c5343d47960791f2e926b56" } }, { "id": "to-iu-say", "pattern": "〜と言う", "reading": "〜という", "romaji": "to iu (say)", "level": "N4", "meaning": "say that; tell (quotation)", "formation": "「Sentence」 + と言う / Sentence (plain) + と言う", "examples": [ { "ja": "先生は「明日はテストがあります」と言いました。", "furigana": "{先生|せんせい}は「{明日|あした}はテストがあります」と{言|い}いました。", "en": "The teacher said, \"There's a test tomorrow.\"" }, { "ja": "兄は今晩、帰りが遅くなると言っていた。", "furigana": "{兄|あに}は{今晩|こんばん}、{帰|かえ}りが{遅|おそ}くなると{言|い}っていた。", "en": "My older brother said he'd be home late tonight." }, { "ja": "日本では食べる前に「いただきます」と言います。", "furigana": "{日本|にほん}では{食|た}べる{前|まえ}に「いただきます」と{言|い}います。", "en": "In Japan, people say \"itadakimasu\" before eating." } ], "tags": [ "quotation" ], "notes": "Direct quotes go inside 「」; indirect quotes use plain forms. 〜と言っていた is common when passing on what someone said.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "bf391581e91be8b48ac31aeb3ceb304eccdd5dade53f52ccebb9149e540e186b", "meanings": [ "说", "称" ], "formation": "引用句＋と言う", "explanation": "引用某人说的话，可直接引用或转述。", "notes": "直接引用常用「」；转述常用简体。", "examples": [ { "ja": "先生は「明日はテストがあります」と言いました。", "zh": "老师说：“明天有考试。”" }, { "ja": "兄は今晩、帰りが遅くなると言っていた。", "zh": "哥哥说他今晚会晚回家。" }, { "ja": "日本では食べる前に「いただきます」と言います。", "zh": "在日本，吃饭前会说“いただきます”。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#to-iu-say", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "d50a29344d6c0a138b52b645a1109e14761de3c54739852524fe54c5a1b1863d" } }, { "id": "shika-nai", "pattern": "〜しか〜ない", "romaji": "shika ... nai", "level": "N4", "meaning": "only; nothing but", "formation": "Noun + しか + Verb-nai", "examples": [ { "ja": "財布に五百円しかない。", "furigana": "{財布|さいふ}に{五|ご}{百|ひゃく}{円|えん}しかない。", "en": "I only have 500 yen in my wallet." }, { "ja": "このことは、あなたにしか話していません。", "furigana": "このことは、あなたにしか{話|はな}していません。", "en": "I haven't told anyone but you about this." }, { "ja": "朝はコーヒーしか飲みません。", "furigana": "{朝|あさ}はコーヒーしか{飲|の}みません。", "en": "I only drink coffee in the morning." } ], "tags": [ "limitation", "negation" ], "notes": "Always paired with a negative verb. Compared with だけ, it stresses that the amount is small or not enough.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "f84868c311ea35756502050cd6f73e9d6659827305979b35e31a681daf9250a5", "meanings": [ "只有", "仅仅" ], "formation": "名词＋しか＋否定形", "explanation": "通过否定形式限定范围，表示只有某物或某人。", "notes": "比だけ更容易带有数量少或不足的语气。", "examples": [ { "ja": "財布に五百円しかない。", "zh": "钱包里只有五百日元。" }, { "ja": "このことは、あなたにしか話していません。", "zh": "这件事我只告诉了你。" }, { "ja": "朝はコーヒーしか飲みません。", "zh": "早上我只喝咖啡。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#shika-nai", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "59764abb7240552da7147adac5e51ad17632573f61c8685d488fd540a124c089" } }, { "id": "bakari", "pattern": "〜ばかり", "romaji": "bakari", "level": "N4", "meaning": "nothing but; only; all", "formation": "Noun + ばかり", "examples": [ { "ja": "弟は肉ばかり食べて、野菜を食べない。", "furigana": "{弟|おとうと}は{肉|にく}ばかり{食|た}べて、{野菜|やさい}を{食|た}べない。", "en": "My little brother eats nothing but meat and won't touch vegetables." }, { "ja": "このクラスは女の子ばかりだ。", "furigana": "このクラスは{女|おんな}の{子|こ}ばかりだ。", "en": "This class is all girls." }, { "ja": "最近は雨の日ばかりで、洗濯ができない。", "furigana": "{最近|さいきん}は{雨|あめ}の{日|ひ}ばかりで、{洗濯|せんたく}ができない。", "en": "It's been nothing but rainy days lately, so I can't do the laundry." } ], "tags": [ "limitation", "criticism" ], "notes": "Often implies there is too much of one thing. 〜てばかりいる (N3) and 〜たばかり ('just did') are separate points.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "db6a92e4eb37d8116225fe4b17ebd00942f8b6a35a79310085bc879d7e8636d4", "meanings": [ "净是", "只" ], "formation": "名词＋ばかり", "explanation": "表示某范围内几乎全是同类事物。", "notes": "常含有某物过多的语感；〜たばかり是另一种用法。", "examples": [ { "ja": "弟は肉ばかり食べて、野菜を食べない。", "zh": "弟弟光吃肉，不吃蔬菜。" }, { "ja": "このクラスは女の子ばかりだ。", "zh": "这个班全是女生。" }, { "ja": "最近は雨の日ばかりで、洗濯ができない。", "zh": "最近净是下雨天，没法洗衣服。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#bakari", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "9fafe1963f9d5143c69afe909324ba936a87fc7cb62f92b82a345d8d2b61f8c0" } }, { "id": "ta-bakari", "pattern": "〜たばかり", "romaji": "ta bakari", "level": "N4", "meaning": "have just done", "formation": "Verb-ta + ばかり", "examples": [ { "ja": "日本に来たばかりなので、まだ日本語がよく分かりません。", "furigana": "{日本|にほん}に{来|き}たばかりなので、まだ{日本語|にほんご}がよく{分|わ}かりません。", "en": "I've only just come to Japan, so I don't understand Japanese well yet." }, { "ja": "さっき昼ご飯を食べたばかりだから、おなかがいっぱいだ。", "furigana": "さっき{昼|ひる}ご{飯|はん}を{食|た}べたばかりだから、おなかがいっぱいだ。", "en": "I just had lunch, so I'm full." }, { "ja": "買ったばかりの傘をなくしてしまった。", "furigana": "{買|か}ったばかりの{傘|かさ}をなくしてしまった。", "en": "I lost the umbrella I had just bought." } ], "tags": [ "time", "completion" ], "notes": "Shows the speaker feels little time has passed, even if it was weeks ago. 〜たところ refers to only moments ago.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "5c0e75ab4efa3c2c9df5cc15d05e38c0518c54aaf69ea40dcd019929cbf0fce6", "meanings": [ "刚刚做了" ], "formation": "动词た形＋ばかり", "explanation": "表示说话人觉得某事发生后没过多久。", "notes": "时间长短带主观判断；〜たところ更强调刚完成。", "examples": [ { "ja": "日本に来たばかりなので、まだ日本語がよく分かりません。", "zh": "我刚来日本，所以还不太懂日语。" }, { "ja": "さっき昼ご飯を食べたばかりだから、おなかがいっぱいだ。", "zh": "刚才才吃了午饭，所以我很饱。" }, { "ja": "買ったばかりの傘をなくしてしまった。", "zh": "刚买的伞就弄丢了。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#ta-bakari", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "026d9628fe6300627f427291446e64b9d115e9ea8a404ae716d2b6e9d0f307b8" } }, { "id": "tokoro-da", "pattern": "〜ところだ", "romaji": "tokoro da", "level": "N4", "meaning": "be about to; be in the middle of; have just done", "formation": "Verb-dict / Verb-te + いる / Verb-ta + ところだ", "examples": [ { "ja": "今から出かけるところです。", "furigana": "{今|いま}から{出|で}かけるところです。", "en": "I'm just about to go out." }, { "ja": "今、晩ご飯を作っているところだから、後で電話するね。", "furigana": "{今|いま}、{晩|ばん}ご{飯|はん}を{作|つく}っているところだから、{後|あと}で{電話|でんわ}するね。", "en": "I'm in the middle of making dinner, so I'll call you later." }, { "ja": "ちょうど今、駅に着いたところです。", "furigana": "ちょうど{今|いま}、{駅|えき}に{着|つ}いたところです。", "en": "I've just this moment arrived at the station." } ], "tags": [ "time", "state" ], "notes": "Dictionary form: about to. 〜ているところ: in the middle of. 〜たところ: just finished. It pinpoints the stage of an action.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "40a882a45561c9c788e74c3e38a3e1e8b0985f22504da1ef35b15460ca788b27", "meanings": [ "正要", "正在", "刚刚" ], "formation": "动词辞书形／ている形／た形＋ところだ", "explanation": "表示动作正要开始、正在进行或刚刚完成的阶段。", "notes": "辞书形表示即将，ている表示进行中，た形表示刚完成。", "examples": [ { "ja": "今から出かけるところです。", "zh": "我正要出门。" }, { "ja": "今、晩ご飯を作っているところだから、後で電話するね。", "zh": "我正在做晚饭，待会儿给你打电话。" }, { "ja": "ちょうど今、駅に着いたところです。", "zh": "我刚刚到车站。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#tokoro-da", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "bc6a7949064748d78e80689f95fdeab3fabdd8c03b364bd601ca90d1cc7ff7f6" } }, { "id": "yasui-nikui", "pattern": "〜やすい / 〜にくい", "romaji": "yasui / nikui", "level": "N4", "meaning": "easy to; hard to", "formation": "Verb-stem + やすい / Verb-stem + にくい", "examples": [ { "ja": "このペンは書きやすいです。", "furigana": "このペンは{書|か}きやすいです。", "en": "This pen is easy to write with." }, { "ja": "先生の説明は分かりやすい。", "furigana": "{先生|せんせい}の{説明|せつめい}は{分|わ}かりやすい。", "en": "The teacher's explanations are easy to understand." }, { "ja": "この魚は骨が多くて食べにくい。", "furigana": "この{魚|さかな}は{骨|ほね}が{多|おお}くて{食|た}べにくい。", "en": "This fish has a lot of bones, so it's hard to eat." } ], "tags": [ "degree", "tendency" ], "notes": "Both conjugate like i-adjectives. やすい can also mean 'tends to' (この服は汚れやすい).", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "480d7fdf84e054b2ab863e8dbbbd30395f2a9c851659923b3b2934d612c81a23", "meanings": [ "容易做", "难以做" ], "formation": "动词ます形词干＋やすい／にくい", "explanation": "表示某动作容易或难以进行。", "notes": "两者按い形容词变形；やすい也可表示容易发生。", "examples": [ { "ja": "このペンは書きやすいです。", "zh": "这支笔很好写。" }, { "ja": "先生の説明は分かりやすい。", "zh": "老师的解释很容易懂。" }, { "ja": "この魚は骨が多くて食べにくい。", "zh": "这鱼刺多，不好吃。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#yasui-nikui", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "e3488ae040ff03f62af45404bcd692901170a908a7a65a78606d42ae2584f4a3" } }, { "id": "hajimeru-owaru-tsuzukeru", "pattern": "〜始める / 〜終わる / 〜続ける", "reading": "〜はじめる / 〜おわる / 〜つづける", "romaji": "hajimeru / owaru / tsuzukeru", "level": "N4", "meaning": "start doing; finish doing; keep doing", "formation": "Verb-stem + 始める / Verb-stem + 終わる / Verb-stem + 続ける", "examples": [ { "ja": "去年からギターを習い始めました。", "furigana": "{去年|きょねん}からギターを{習|なら}い{始|はじ}めました。", "en": "I started learning guitar last year." }, { "ja": "その本、読み終わったら貸してくれない？", "furigana": "その{本|ほん}、{読|よ}み{終|お}わったら{貸|か}してくれない？", "en": "When you finish reading that book, could you lend it to me?" }, { "ja": "三時間も歩き続けて、足が痛くなった。", "furigana": "{三|さん}{時間|じかん}も{歩|ある}き{続|つづ}けて、{足|あし}が{痛|いた}くなった。", "en": "My feet started to hurt after walking for three hours straight." } ], "tags": [ "time", "sequence" ], "notes": "〜終わる is used with actions that have a clear end (読む, 食べる, 書く). 〜終える is a more formal alternative.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "9f2d0b38203841fd712ce3802e3a81292a7eadc643a4b0de807ac6e0f1b50faa", "meanings": [ "开始做", "做完", "继续做" ], "formation": "动词ます形词干＋始める／終わる／続ける", "explanation": "表示动作的开始、完成或持续。", "notes": "終わる通常接有明确终点的动作。", "examples": [ { "ja": "去年からギターを習い始めました。", "zh": "我从去年开始学吉他。" }, { "ja": "その本、読み終わったら貸してくれない？", "zh": "那本书，你读完后能借给我吗？" }, { "ja": "三時間も歩き続けて、足が痛くなった。", "zh": "连续走了三个小时，脚疼了。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#hajimeru-owaru-tsuzukeru", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "36c5eedf6875d811d58e4a38b16c128b27d4e9183322f69ec020146c19002919" } }, { "id": "dasu", "pattern": "〜出す", "reading": "〜だす", "romaji": "dasu", "level": "N4", "meaning": "suddenly start doing; burst out", "formation": "Verb-stem + 出す", "examples": [ { "ja": "赤ちゃんが急に泣き出した。", "furigana": "{赤|あか}ちゃんが{急|きゅう}に{泣|な}き{出|だ}した。", "en": "The baby suddenly burst out crying." }, { "ja": "さっきまで晴れていたのに、急に雨が降り出した。", "furigana": "さっきまで{晴|は}れていたのに、{急|きゅう}に{雨|あめ}が{降|ふ}り{出|だ}した。", "en": "It was sunny until a moment ago, but suddenly it started to rain." } ], "tags": [ "time", "surprise" ], "notes": "Implies a sudden, often uncontrolled start. Unlike 〜始める, it is not used for planned actions or in requests.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "b9d56ff074f7d001e41c7c04416348404626996bd3f6610ada58a3aec3d05970", "meanings": [ "突然开始", "……起来" ], "formation": "动词ます形词干＋出す", "explanation": "表示动作或变化突然开始。", "notes": "常带有出乎意料或难以控制的语感。", "examples": [ { "ja": "赤ちゃんが急に泣き出した。", "zh": "婴儿突然哭了起来。" }, { "ja": "さっきまで晴れていたのに、急に雨が降り出した。", "zh": "刚才还是晴天，突然下起雨来了。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#dasu", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "89546950dbace1d2225682c8621c5c2b8d00e8909970be497c336aa10c31782a" } }, { "id": "hodo-nai", "pattern": "〜ほど〜ない", "romaji": "hodo ... nai", "level": "N4", "meaning": "not as ... as", "formation": "Noun / Verb-plain + ほど + i-Adj-ku + ない / na-Adj + ではない", "examples": [ { "ja": "今年の夏は去年ほど暑くない。", "furigana": "{今年|ことし}の{夏|なつ}は{去年|きょねん}ほど{暑|あつ}くない。", "en": "This summer isn't as hot as last year." }, { "ja": "私の町は東京ほどにぎやかではありません。", "furigana": "{私|わたし}の{町|まち}は{東京|とうきょう}ほどにぎやかではありません。", "en": "My town isn't as lively as Tokyo." }, { "ja": "テストは思ったほど難しくなかった。", "furigana": "テストは{思|おも}ったほど{難|むずか}しくなかった。", "en": "The test wasn't as hard as I'd expected." } ], "tags": [ "comparison", "negation" ], "notes": "The item before ほど is the standard of comparison. Always followed by a negative.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "4a5944ab84b69ba07e0ad74a87de0ed6eff2ea2166d15a2e7e68d63bf8f26be1", "meanings": [ "不如……那么……" ], "formation": "名词／动词简体＋ほど＋形容词否定形", "explanation": "以ほど前的事物为基准，表示程度未达到该基准。", "notes": "后项使用否定表达。", "examples": [ { "ja": "今年の夏は去年ほど暑くない。", "zh": "今年夏天没有去年那么热。" }, { "ja": "私の町は東京ほどにぎやかではありません。", "zh": "我的城镇不如东京热闹。" }, { "ja": "テストは思ったほど難しくなかった。", "zh": "考试没有想象中那么难。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#hodo-nai", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "f1ba4a7f47de8d23b9dafb535b66eb8fcfa3082e6fb787c72cb664f88dd3f0df" } }, { "id": "nakanaka-nai", "pattern": "なかなか〜ない", "romaji": "nakanaka ... nai", "level": "N4", "meaning": "not easily; just won't; not readily", "formation": "なかなか + Verb-nai", "examples": [ { "ja": "バスがなかなか来ない。", "furigana": "バスがなかなか{来|こ}ない。", "en": "The bus just isn't coming." }, { "ja": "漢字がなかなか覚えられません。", "furigana": "{漢字|かんじ}がなかなか{覚|おぼ}えられません。", "en": "I just can't seem to memorize kanji." }, { "ja": "子どもがなかなか寝てくれない。", "furigana": "{子|こ}どもがなかなか{寝|ね}てくれない。", "en": "The kids just won't go to sleep." } ], "tags": [ "negation", "degree" ], "notes": "Shows that something doesn't happen as quickly or easily as hoped. With a positive form, なかなか means 'quite' (なかなかおいしい).", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "9a2d4017f864261709ebc262329c68af09f9ca0015f696bcc6ec0e12a1dd337d", "meanings": [ "迟迟不", "不容易" ], "formation": "なかなか＋动词否定形", "explanation": "表示事情没有像期待的那样轻易或迅速发生。", "notes": "接肯定形式时，なかなか也可表示“相当”。", "examples": [ { "ja": "バスがなかなか来ない。", "zh": "公共汽车迟迟不来。" }, { "ja": "漢字がなかなか覚えられません。", "zh": "汉字怎么也记不住。" }, { "ja": "子どもがなかなか寝てくれない。", "zh": "孩子迟迟不肯睡觉。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#nakanaka-nai", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "dc1aa6b52251b0ec28048d393ae2cbe83d135a7e133a4c21121775a773fbcf0f" } }, { "id": "zutsu", "pattern": "〜ずつ", "romaji": "zutsu", "level": "N4", "meaning": "each; at a time; little by little", "formation": "Noun (quantity) + ずつ", "examples": [ { "ja": "りんごを一人に二つずつ配った。", "furigana": "りんごを{一人|ひとり}に{二|ふた}つずつ{配|くば}った。", "en": "I handed out two apples to each person." }, { "ja": "毎日少しずつ漢字を覚えています。", "furigana": "{毎日|まいにち}{少|すこ}しずつ{漢字|かんじ}を{覚|おぼ}えています。", "en": "I'm learning kanji a little at a time every day." }, { "ja": "一人ずつ部屋に入ってください。", "furigana": "{一人|ひとり}ずつ{部屋|へや}に{入|はい}ってください。", "en": "Please enter the room one at a time." } ], "tags": [ "quantity" ], "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "bc29094fef2e8ee2fefe31c07fe87c299780d9688d847651819a4f600e3a52a5", "meanings": [ "每……", "一点一点地" ], "formation": "数量词＋ずつ", "explanation": "表示按相同数量分配、逐次进行或逐渐变化。", "notes": "可与少し搭配表示一点一点地。", "examples": [ { "ja": "りんごを一人に二つずつ配った。", "zh": "我给每个人分了两个苹果。" }, { "ja": "毎日少しずつ漢字を覚えています。", "zh": "我每天一点一点地记汉字。" }, { "ja": "一人ずつ部屋に入ってください。", "zh": "请一个一个地进入房间。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#zutsu", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "e4f0234e0e00610deabab665dda58f8f945579ecff8bf8246e245eebb2f9c658" } }, { "id": "mo-emphasis", "pattern": "〜も（emphasis）", "romaji": "mo (emphasis)", "level": "N4", "meaning": "as many as; as much as; (with a negative) not even one", "formation": "Noun (number + counter) + も", "examples": [ { "ja": "昨日は十時間も寝てしまった。", "furigana": "{昨日|きのう}は{十|じゅう}{時間|じかん}も{寝|ね}てしまった。", "en": "I slept for a whole ten hours yesterday." }, { "ja": "このかばんは五万円もするんですか。", "furigana": "このかばんは{五|ご}{万|まん}{円|えん}もするんですか。", "en": "This bag costs as much as 50,000 yen?" }, { "ja": "財布の中に一円もない。", "furigana": "{財布|さいふ}の{中|なか}に{一|いち}{円|えん}もない。", "en": "I don't have a single yen in my wallet." } ], "tags": [ "emphasis", "quantity" ], "notes": "Shows the speaker feels the amount is large. With 一 + counter and a negative verb, it means 'not even one'.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "9ba3fc0a8e4a6b83060fba2df1ba7f8ae50c6a9e52aa13b9c6760607b2ca15f1", "meanings": [ "多达", "连……也不" ], "formation": "数量词＋も", "explanation": "强调数量多；与一及否定搭配时强调一个也没有。", "notes": "具体语气取决于数量和后面的肯定或否定。", "examples": [ { "ja": "昨日は十時間も寝てしまった。", "zh": "昨天我竟然睡了十个小时。" }, { "ja": "このかばんは五万円もするんですか。", "zh": "这个包竟然要五万日元吗？" }, { "ja": "財布の中に一円もない。", "zh": "钱包里一日元也没有。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#mo-emphasis", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "8ee1a8c5e5d9c771f5abd7314aff8676044f4d668bd4cba2b6bf68ec0563ddb4" } }, { "id": "made-ni", "pattern": "〜までに", "romaji": "made ni", "level": "N4", "meaning": "by (a deadline); before", "formation": "Noun / Verb-dict + までに", "examples": [ { "ja": "レポートは金曜日までに出してください。", "furigana": "レポートは{金曜日|きんようび}までに{出|だ}してください。", "en": "Please hand in the report by Friday." }, { "ja": "六時までに家に帰らなければならない。", "furigana": "{六|ろく}{時|じ}までに{家|いえ}に{帰|かえ}らなければならない。", "en": "I have to be home by six." }, { "ja": "暗くなるまでに山を下りよう。", "furigana": "{暗|くら}くなるまでに{山|やま}を{下|お}りよう。", "en": "Let's get down the mountain before it gets dark." } ], "tags": [ "time" ], "notes": "までに marks a deadline for a one-time action; まで marks how long something continues (六時まで働く).", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "93583dd6aba2f2e7aa3f05e58161d04a54c5d82a09ecdf4c401715e7f624f08d", "meanings": [ "在……之前", "截至" ], "formation": "名词／动词辞书形＋までに", "explanation": "表示某个动作完成的截止时间。", "notes": "まで表示持续的终点；までに表示期限。", "examples": [ { "ja": "レポートは金曜日までに出してください。", "zh": "请在星期五之前交报告。" }, { "ja": "六時までに家に帰らなければならない。", "zh": "必须在六点前回家。" }, { "ja": "暗くなるまでに山を下りよう。", "zh": "天黑前下山吧。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#made-ni", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "7b73c88accfe509e83681d3fc5b37e26e9f5084ed4ca71d6f75eb965c3ea4315" } }, { "id": "koto-ga-aru", "pattern": "〜ことがある", "romaji": "koto ga aru", "level": "N4", "meaning": "sometimes; there are times when", "formation": "Verb-dict / Verb-nai + ことがある", "examples": [ { "ja": "忙しいときは、朝ご飯を食べないことがあります。", "furigana": "{忙|いそが}しいときは、{朝|あさ}ご{飯|はん}を{食|た}べないことがあります。", "en": "When I'm busy, I sometimes skip breakfast." }, { "ja": "この道は冬になると、雪で通れなくなることがある。", "furigana": "この{道|みち}は{冬|ふゆ}になると、{雪|ゆき}で{通|とお}れなくなることがある。", "en": "In winter, this road sometimes becomes impassable because of snow." }, { "ja": "週末は家族で料理をすることがある。", "furigana": "{週末|しゅうまつ}は{家族|かぞく}で{料理|りょうり}をすることがある。", "en": "On weekends, my family sometimes cooks together." } ], "tags": [ "tendency", "time" ], "notes": "Takes the dictionary or ない form. With the past form (〜たことがある) it means 'have done before' instead.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "40b42552b7df44333dc5db90df63b2c7848f85231fde7e6faccfd697ad56e9cf", "meanings": [ "有时", "偶尔" ], "formation": "动词辞书形／ない形＋ことがある", "explanation": "表示某种情况有时发生。", "notes": "接た形的〜たことがある表示过去的经历。", "examples": [ { "ja": "忙しいときは、朝ご飯を食べないことがあります。", "zh": "忙的时候，我有时不吃早饭。" }, { "ja": "この道は冬になると、雪で通れなくなることがある。", "zh": "这条路到了冬天有时会因积雪无法通行。" }, { "ja": "週末は家族で料理をすることがある。", "zh": "周末我们家有时一起做饭。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#koto-ga-aru", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "dbbd84a44740400e9340cb01a44ce63d180cb84e6220a9d0c004a419772353a4" } }, { "id": "nai-to-ikenai-nakucha", "pattern": "〜ないといけない / 〜なくちゃ", "romaji": "nai to ikenai / nakucha", "level": "N4", "meaning": "have to; must (conversational)", "formation": "Verb-nai + といけない / Verb-nai stem + なくちゃ", "examples": [ { "ja": "明日は早いから、もう寝ないといけない。", "furigana": "{明日|あした}は{早|はや}いから、もう{寝|ね}ないといけない。", "en": "I have an early start tomorrow, so I need to go to bed now." }, { "ja": "あ、もうこんな時間！帰らなくちゃ。", "furigana": "あ、もうこんな{時間|じかん}！{帰|かえ}らなくちゃ。", "en": "Oh, look at the time! I have to go home." }, { "ja": "この薬は毎日飲まないといけません。", "furigana": "この{薬|くすり}は{毎日|まいにち}{飲|の}まないといけません。", "en": "You have to take this medicine every day." } ], "tags": [ "obligation", "casual" ], "notes": "Everyday alternatives to なければならない. なくちゃ comes from なくては; なきゃ (from なければ) is also very common.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "c80be5291f770416be3b2735302dfae97f08e805d61995290d3b6e5b6f545e1c", "meanings": [ "必须", "得（口语）" ], "formation": "动词ない形＋といけない／动词ない形去ない＋なくちゃ", "explanation": "在口语中表示必须做某事。", "notes": "なくちゃ来自なくては；なきゃ也很常见。", "examples": [ { "ja": "明日は早いから、もう寝ないといけない。", "zh": "明天要早起，我得睡了。" }, { "ja": "あ、もうこんな時間！帰らなくちゃ。", "zh": "啊，都这个时间了！得回去了。" }, { "ja": "この薬は毎日飲まないといけません。", "zh": "这药每天都得吃。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#nai-to-ikenai-nakucha", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "ca4c1649ea1d36ef9855882d99f12ecd4b8bfc350713c0f1316275281fd9f4c3" } }, { "id": "sasete-kudasai", "pattern": "〜させてください", "romaji": "sasete kudasai", "level": "N4", "meaning": "please let me (do)", "formation": "Verb-nai stem + せてください (Group 1) / Verb-nai stem + させてください (Group 2)", "examples": [ { "ja": "少し考えさせてください。", "furigana": "{少|すこ}し{考|かんが}えさせてください。", "en": "Please let me think about it for a bit." }, { "ja": "今日は私に払わせてください。", "furigana": "{今日|きょう}は{私|わたし}に{払|はら}わせてください。", "en": "Please let me pay today." }, { "ja": "体の調子が悪いので、今日は早く帰らせてください。", "furigana": "{体|からだ}の{調子|ちょうし}が{悪|わる}いので、{今日|きょう}は{早|はや}く{帰|かえ}らせてください。", "en": "I'm not feeling well, so please let me go home early today." } ], "tags": [ "request", "permission" ], "notes": "Built on the causative て-form (する → させて). 〜させていただけませんか is more polite.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "92d9077d0a1d3188d7362841acdc594b93f66df71436e8b2808d0de9d2e4667d", "meanings": [ "请让我做" ], "formation": "动词使役形的て形＋ください", "explanation": "请求对方允许自己做某事。", "notes": "如考えさせてください、払わせてください；更礼貌可用させていただけませんか。", "examples": [ { "ja": "少し考えさせてください。", "zh": "请让我想一想。" }, { "ja": "今日は私に払わせてください。", "zh": "今天请让我付钱。" }, { "ja": "体の調子が悪いので、今日は早く帰らせてください。", "zh": "我身体不舒服，今天请让我早点回家。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#sasete-kudasai", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "3342863b65e0ceeb6b5560cbbadfb877033a4a84cb7a8ded20e5479187890cee" } }, { "id": "sonkeigo", "pattern": "尊敬語", "reading": "そんけいご", "romaji": "sonkeigo", "level": "N4", "meaning": "honorific verbs; respectful language for others' actions", "formation": "いらっしゃる（行く・来る・いる） / 召し上がる（食べる・飲む） / おっしゃる（言う） / なさる（する） / ご覧になる（見る） / くださる（くれる）", "examples": [ { "ja": "社長は何時ごろいらっしゃいますか。", "furigana": "{社長|しゃちょう}は{何|なん}{時|じ}ごろいらっしゃいますか。", "en": "Around what time will the company president be here?" }, { "ja": "先生、どうぞ召し上がってください。", "furigana": "{先生|せんせい}、どうぞ{召|め}し{上|あ}がってください。", "en": "Please help yourself, sensei." }, { "ja": "部長は会議でそうおっしゃいました。", "furigana": "{部長|ぶちょう}は{会議|かいぎ}でそうおっしゃいました。", "en": "The department manager said so at the meeting." } ], "tags": [ "honorific", "politeness" ], "notes": "Raises the actions of people you respect, such as customers, teachers and superiors. Never use it for your own actions.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "cd6125a9973b5afb2ddae0ff6152e22d7a454b6c1c979d972aca8af584312a68", "meanings": [ "尊敬语" ], "formation": "いらっしゃる／召し上がる／おっしゃる／なさる／ご覧になる／くださる等", "explanation": "用尊敬形式描述受尊重者的动作。", "notes": "用于客户、老师、上级等，不用于抬高自己的动作。", "examples": [ { "ja": "社長は何時ごろいらっしゃいますか。", "zh": "社长大概几点来？" }, { "ja": "先生、どうぞ召し上がってください。", "zh": "老师，请享用。" }, { "ja": "部長は会議でそうおっしゃいました。", "zh": "部长在会议上那样说了。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#sonkeigo", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "c58609dcefa14a70e219ac3688c1fd81765795dca4f1bbb97e0ff08ed674833a" } }, { "id": "kenjougo", "pattern": "謙譲語", "reading": "けんじょうご", "romaji": "kenjougo", "level": "N4", "meaning": "humble verbs; modest language for one's own actions", "formation": "参る（行く・来る） / おる（いる） / いただく（食べる・飲む・もらう） / 申す（言う） / いたす（する） / 拝見する（見る） / 伺う（聞く・訪ねる）", "examples": [ { "ja": "明日の午後、そちらに伺います。", "furigana": "{明日|あした}の{午後|ごご}、そちらに{伺|うかが}います。", "en": "I'll come to your office tomorrow afternoon." }, { "ja": "初めまして。リンと申します。", "furigana": "{初|はじ}めまして。リンと{申|もう}します。", "en": "Nice to meet you. My name is Lin." }, { "ja": "お手紙、拝見しました。", "furigana": "お{手紙|てがみ}、{拝見|はいけん}しました。", "en": "I have read your letter." } ], "tags": [ "humble", "politeness" ], "notes": "Lowers your own actions, or your group's, toward someone you respect. 参る, おる, 申す and いたす also make speech sound formal in general.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "7947b123e91c3beb262dc3d8fd04c32e7a1c7ea9796bbde8689393fc778c43ed", "meanings": [ "谦让语" ], "formation": "参る／おる／いただく／申す／いたす／拝見する／伺う等", "explanation": "用谦逊或郑重的形式描述自己或己方的动作。", "notes": "不同词语的对象及语域不同，如伺う用于拜访或询问。", "examples": [ { "ja": "明日の午後、そちらに伺います。", "zh": "明天下午我去您那里拜访。" }, { "ja": "初めまして。リンと申します。", "zh": "初次见面，我叫林。" }, { "ja": "お手紙、拝見しました。", "zh": "您的信我已拜读。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#kenjougo", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "1eeaf97e389cdc855a75bbca8dc6deb5336ab219fe193a37f9cfd5d3d72f7a35" } }, { "id": "o-ni-naru", "pattern": "お〜になる", "romaji": "o ... ni naru", "level": "N4", "meaning": "(honorific) someone respected does", "formation": "お + Verb-stem + になる", "examples": [ { "ja": "先生はもうお帰りになりました。", "furigana": "{先生|せんせい}はもうお{帰|かえ}りになりました。", "en": "The teacher has already gone home." }, { "ja": "この本をお読みになりましたか。", "furigana": "この{本|ほん}をお{読|よ}みになりましたか。", "en": "Have you read this book?" }, { "ja": "社長はいつもこのホテルにお泊まりになります。", "furigana": "{社長|しゃちょう}はいつもこのホテルにお{泊|と}まりになります。", "en": "The company president always stays at this hotel." } ], "tags": [ "honorific" ], "notes": "Not used with one-syllable stems (見る, 寝る) or verbs that have special forms (行く → いらっしゃる). する-nouns take ご + Noun + になる (ご利用になる).", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "8cf44c1545bb7164b4585779f86ae3d2b2722ef955d0dec51346546247822c5d", "meanings": [ "尊敬地表达他人的动作" ], "formation": "お＋动词ます形词干＋になる／ご＋部分汉语动词名词＋になる", "explanation": "以尊敬的方式描述他人的动作。", "notes": "部分动词有专用尊敬形式；如行く可用いらっしゃる。", "examples": [ { "ja": "先生はもうお帰りになりました。", "zh": "老师已经回去了。" }, { "ja": "この本をお読みになりましたか。", "zh": "您读过这本书吗？" }, { "ja": "社長はいつもこのホテルにお泊まりになります。", "zh": "社长总是住这家酒店。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#o-ni-naru", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "b71b87ef97b3a7f870441725dc9f492322622dd3d919b74259b24a52a8f08211" } }, { "id": "o-suru", "pattern": "お〜する", "romaji": "o ... suru", "level": "N4", "meaning": "(humble) I do (for someone respected)", "formation": "お + Verb-stem + する / ご + Noun + する", "examples": [ { "ja": "重そうですね。お持ちしましょうか。", "furigana": "{重|おも}そうですね。お{持|も}ちしましょうか。", "en": "That looks heavy. Shall I carry it for you?" }, { "ja": "後で詳しくご説明します。", "furigana": "{後|あと}で{詳|くわ}しくご{説明|せつめい}します。", "en": "I'll explain in detail later." }, { "ja": "駅までお送りします。", "furigana": "{駅|えき}までお{送|おく}りします。", "en": "I'll see you to the station." } ], "tags": [ "humble" ], "notes": "Only for actions that affect or benefit the other person. お〜いたします is even more formal.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "1552496cdf60d0c250f4e5dc0af8a0ce3e2c283493c91a7a1f307f9484ff9542", "meanings": [ "谦逊地表达自己的动作" ], "formation": "お＋动词ます形词干＋する／ご＋部分汉语动词名词＋する", "explanation": "谦逊地表达自己为对方做或涉及对方的动作。", "notes": "お〜いたします更加郑重。", "examples": [ { "ja": "重そうですね。お持ちしましょうか。", "zh": "看起来很重，我帮您拿好吗？" }, { "ja": "後で詳しくご説明します。", "zh": "稍后我会详细说明。" }, { "ja": "駅までお送りします。", "zh": "我送您到车站。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#o-suru", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "c1c28cbf93af3312866a5642263afc9914f3b8c9c19f0d8f7f0a87504204c123" } }, { "id": "de-gozaimasu", "pattern": "〜でございます", "romaji": "de gozaimasu", "level": "N4", "meaning": "is; am; are (very polite copula)", "formation": "Noun / na-Adj + でございます", "examples": [ { "ja": "お手洗いはあちらでございます。", "furigana": "お{手洗|てあら}いはあちらでございます。", "en": "The restroom is over there." }, { "ja": "こちらが、お部屋のかぎでございます。", "furigana": "こちらが、お{部屋|へや}のかぎでございます。", "en": "Here is your room key." }, { "ja": "はい、山田商店でございます。", "furigana": "はい、{山田|やまだ}{商店|しょうてん}でございます。", "en": "Hello, Yamada Shoten speaking." } ], "tags": [ "politeness", "formal" ], "notes": "The very polite version of です, typical of shop and hotel staff speaking to customers. ございます on its own is the polite form of あります.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "0036297810059a9cba9585a9ccd4ec9f24c8400d5a9ff2433f69029776d54d47", "meanings": [ "是（郑重礼貌）" ], "formation": "名词／な形容词＋でございます", "explanation": "以非常郑重的语气表达判断或状态。", "notes": "常见于店员、酒店员工对顾客的讲话。", "examples": [ { "ja": "お手洗いはあちらでございます。", "zh": "洗手间在那边。" }, { "ja": "こちらが、お部屋のかぎでございます。", "zh": "这是您房间的钥匙。" }, { "ja": "はい、山田商店でございます。", "zh": "您好，这里是山田商店。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#de-gozaimasu", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "5c37d9995f1c593e4b9d4ccc98935f7f9d696d6295186e3ba434896fb78fd2a8" } }, { "id": "te-mo-kamawanai", "pattern": "〜ても構わない", "reading": "〜てもかまわない", "romaji": "te mo kamawanai", "level": "N4", "meaning": "don't mind if; it's fine if", "formation": "Verb-te + も構わない / i-Adj-ku + ても構わない / na-Adj + でも構わない / Noun + でも構わない", "examples": [ { "ja": "ここに荷物を置いても構いませんか。", "furigana": "ここに{荷物|にもつ}を{置|お}いても{構|かま}いませんか。", "en": "Do you mind if I leave my bags here?" }, { "ja": "少しぐらい高くても構わないから、いい辞書を買いたい。", "furigana": "{少|すこ}しぐらい{高|たか}くても{構|かま}わないから、いい{辞書|じしょ}を{買|か}いたい。", "en": "I don't mind if it's a bit pricey; I want to buy a good dictionary." }, { "ja": "返事は明日でも構いませんよ。", "furigana": "{返事|へんじ}は{明日|あした}でも{構|かま}いませんよ。", "en": "It's fine if you answer tomorrow." } ], "tags": [ "permission" ], "notes": "A little more formal than 〜てもいい. 〜なくても構わない means 'it's fine not to'.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "3eb3a8308109a27a7845cfab56511de27f0921379b302f7c410fb6668a60f3dc", "meanings": [ "即使……也没关系" ], "formation": "动词て形＋も構わない／い形容词词干＋くても構わない／名词或な形容词＋でも構わない", "explanation": "表示不介意某个情况，或允许某事。", "notes": "比〜てもいい稍正式；否定形式可表示不做也没关系。", "examples": [ { "ja": "ここに荷物を置いても構いませんか。", "zh": "我可以把行李放在这里吗？" }, { "ja": "少しぐらい高くても構わないから、いい辞書を買いたい。", "zh": "稍微贵一点也没关系，我想买本好词典。" }, { "ja": "返事は明日でも構いませんよ。", "zh": "明天回复也没关系。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#te-mo-kamawanai", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "04f3a94efac09e348ffaa734eb599f7cf0024fc5db4a1f3efb302e972c853db2" } }, { "id": "no-koto-nominalizer", "pattern": "〜の / 〜こと（nominalizer）", "romaji": "no / koto (nominalizer)", "level": "N4", "meaning": "the act of doing (turns a verb phrase into a noun)", "formation": "Verb-plain + の / Verb-plain + こと", "examples": [ { "ja": "私は写真を撮るのが好きです。", "furigana": "{私|わたし}は{写真|しゃしん}を{撮|と}るのが{好|す}きです。", "en": "I like taking photos." }, { "ja": "趣味は古い映画を見ることです。", "furigana": "{趣味|しゅみ}は{古|ふる}い{映画|えいが}を{見|み}ることです。", "en": "My hobby is watching old movies." }, { "ja": "かぎをかけるのを忘れました。", "furigana": "かぎをかけるのを{忘|わす}れました。", "en": "I forgot to lock the door." } ], "tags": [ "nominalization" ], "notes": "の is preferred with perception verbs (見る, 聞こえる) and in casual speech; こと is needed before です/だ and in set patterns such as 〜ことができる.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "5ecabe644b6b2940ec5d813179bc03844a3ebb6c6e02839045914ba7d83c03f1", "meanings": [ "将动作名词化" ], "formation": "动词简体＋の／こと", "explanation": "将动作或整个动词短语作为名词性成分使用。", "notes": "某些固定句型使用こと，如ことができる；实际选用还需看谓语和语境。", "examples": [ { "ja": "私は写真を撮るのが好きです。", "zh": "我喜欢拍照。" }, { "ja": "趣味は古い映画を見ることです。", "zh": "我的爱好是看老电影。" }, { "ja": "かぎをかけるのを忘れました。", "zh": "我忘记锁门了。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#no-koto-nominalizer", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "0c904c198f7cff86a8227d79f279ee28e039849767ab0aaa043553d64c7b45a1" } }, { "id": "ba-yokatta", "pattern": "〜ばよかった", "romaji": "ba yokatta", "level": "N4", "meaning": "should have (done); I wish I had", "formation": "Verb-ba + よかった / Verb-nai stem + なければよかった", "examples": [ { "ja": "もっと早く家を出ればよかった。", "furigana": "もっと{早|はや}く{家|いえ}を{出|で}ればよかった。", "en": "I should have left home earlier." }, { "ja": "あんなこと、言わなければよかった。", "furigana": "あんなこと、{言|い}わなければよかった。", "en": "I wish I hadn't said that." }, { "ja": "傘を持ってくればよかったなあ。", "furigana": "{傘|かさ}を{持|も}ってくればよかったなあ。", "en": "I wish I'd brought an umbrella." } ], "tags": [ "regret" ], "notes": "Expresses regret about the past. 〜たらよかった is a common conversational alternative.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "1be6ba89d0f5caee483e2e7b580193ebaecc56f1b6e18d49fbe5100ea4df4b9b", "meanings": [ "早知道就好了", "不该" ], "formation": "动词ば形＋よかった／动词ない形去ない＋なければよかった", "explanation": "对过去没做或做了某事表示后悔。", "notes": "口语中也常用〜たらよかった。", "examples": [ { "ja": "もっと早く家を出ればよかった。", "zh": "我当时应该早点出门的。" }, { "ja": "あんなこと、言わなければよかった。", "zh": "我当时真不该说那种话。" }, { "ja": "傘を持ってくればよかったなあ。", "zh": "早知道就带伞来了。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#ba-yokatta", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "40412c484cc750e46ea6213ba115e165f807a99cfdcca0561bf2ee22449ab738" } }, { "id": "tara-dou", "pattern": "〜たらどう", "romaji": "tara dou", "level": "N4", "meaning": "why don't you ...?; how about ...?", "formation": "Verb-ta + らどう", "examples": [ { "ja": "疲れているなら、少し休んだらどう？", "furigana": "{疲|つか}れているなら、{少|すこ}し{休|やす}んだらどう？", "en": "If you're tired, why not rest a bit?" }, { "ja": "分からなければ、先生に聞いてみたらどうですか。", "furigana": "{分|わ}からなければ、{先生|せんせい}に{聞|き}いてみたらどうですか。", "en": "If you don't understand, why don't you try asking the teacher?" } ], "tags": [ "suggestion", "advice" ], "notes": "Often shortened to 〜たら？. Can sound pushy toward superiors; 〜たらいかがですか is the polite version.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "0b4544d3bb80f947434049aac85fc79b407f6f3fa4218bc0026ec0b483605e29", "meanings": [ "……怎么样", "何不……" ], "formation": "动词た形＋らどう", "explanation": "提出建议，询问对方是否考虑某做法。", "notes": "口语中可缩为〜たら；对上级应注意礼貌。", "examples": [ { "ja": "疲れているなら、少し休んだらどう？", "zh": "如果累了，稍微休息一下怎么样？" }, { "ja": "分からなければ、先生に聞いてみたらどうですか。", "zh": "如果不懂，问问老师怎么样？" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#tara-dou", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "1d2d4be8e2d86364ddf0c4b52dcfa125cb366f1771f8c05ff8217fa6fbd8cf6c" } }, { "id": "hou-ga-ii", "pattern": "〜ほうがいい", "romaji": "hou ga ii", "level": "N4", "meaning": "had better; should", "formation": "Verb-ta / Verb-nai + ほうがいい", "examples": [ { "ja": "熱があるなら、病院に行ったほうがいいですよ。", "furigana": "{熱|ねつ}があるなら、{病院|びょういん}に{行|い}ったほうがいいですよ。", "en": "If you have a fever, you'd better go to the hospital." }, { "ja": "夜遅くに一人で歩かないほうがいい。", "furigana": "{夜|よる}{遅|おそ}くに{一人|ひとり}で{歩|ある}かないほうがいい。", "en": "You'd better not walk alone late at night." }, { "ja": "大事な書類は、コピーしておいたほうがいいですよ。", "furigana": "{大事|だいじ}な{書類|しょるい}は、コピーしておいたほうがいいですよ。", "en": "It's a good idea to make copies of important documents." } ], "tags": [ "advice" ], "notes": "For advice, the past form (行ったほうがいい) is the usual choice and sounds stronger. The negative uses the ない form, not the past.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "26f21569ad4fe80c14e0a6f30b5b766e2f2276dad217d3169c03e15a9cea3f43", "meanings": [ "最好", "应该" ], "formation": "动词た形／ない形＋ほうがいい", "explanation": "向对方提出建议。", "notes": "肯定建议常用た形；否定建议用ない形。", "examples": [ { "ja": "熱があるなら、病院に行ったほうがいいですよ。", "zh": "如果发烧，最好去医院。" }, { "ja": "夜遅くに一人で歩かないほうがいい。", "zh": "最好不要深夜一个人走路。" }, { "ja": "大事な書類は、コピーしておいたほうがいいですよ。", "zh": "重要文件最好事先复印。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#hou-ga-ii", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "28ef270610d5438f13a63fba3ad307fabdf9f85f2e15bbe9be494700ed728ba5" } }, { "id": "toka-toka", "pattern": "〜とか〜とか", "romaji": "toka ... toka", "level": "N4", "meaning": "things like A and B; A, B and so on (casual)", "formation": "Noun + とか + Noun + とか / Verb-dict + とか + Verb-dict + とか", "examples": [ { "ja": "冷蔵庫に卵とか牛乳とかが入っています。", "furigana": "{冷蔵庫|れいぞうこ}に{卵|たまご}とか{牛乳|ぎゅうにゅう}とかが{入|はい}っています。", "en": "There are things like eggs and milk in the fridge." }, { "ja": "休みの日は、映画とか買い物とかに行きます。", "furigana": "{休|やす}みの{日|ひ}は、{映画|えいが}とか{買|か}い{物|もの}とかに{行|い}きます。", "en": "On my days off, I go to the movies, go shopping, that kind of thing." }, { "ja": "健康のために、野菜を食べるとか運動するとか、何かしたほうがいい。", "furigana": "{健康|けんこう}のために、{野菜|やさい}を{食|た}べるとか{運動|うんどう}するとか、{何|なに}かしたほうがいい。", "en": "For your health, you should do something, like eating vegetables or exercising." } ], "tags": [ "example", "casual" ], "notes": "More casual than 〜や〜など, and it can also list verbs or whole phrases.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "78c322c3c730773510515c06baa97a14c523af27711a9409999d8e0c2b2e4519", "meanings": [ "……啦……之类" ], "formation": "名词／动词等＋とか＋名词／动词等＋とか", "explanation": "口语中举出几个例子，暗示还有其他同类事物。", "notes": "比〜や〜など更口语，也可以列举动作。", "examples": [ { "ja": "冷蔵庫に卵とか牛乳とかが入っています。", "zh": "冰箱里有鸡蛋、牛奶之类的东西。" }, { "ja": "休みの日は、映画とか買い物とかに行きます。", "zh": "休息日我会去看电影、购物之类。" }, { "ja": "健康のために、野菜を食べるとか運動するとか、何かしたほうがいい。", "zh": "为了健康，最好做些事情，比如吃蔬菜、运动。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#toka-toka", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "bf90c932d6afa57d51c3a7dc1c109bdce3ec1aad59b434614a7c87b036d42db5" } }, { "id": "nado", "pattern": "〜など", "romaji": "nado", "level": "N4", "meaning": "etc.; and so on; such as", "formation": "Noun + など", "examples": [ { "ja": "机の上に本やノートなどがあります。", "furigana": "{机|つくえ}の{上|うえ}に{本|ほん}やノートなどがあります。", "en": "On the desk there are books, notebooks and so on." }, { "ja": "夏休みに京都や奈良などに行きました。", "furigana": "{夏休|なつやす}みに{京都|きょうと}や{奈良|なら}などに{行|い}きました。", "en": "During summer vacation I went to places like Kyoto and Nara." }, { "ja": "お茶など、いかがですか。", "furigana": "お{茶|ちゃ}など、いかがですか。", "en": "Would you care for some tea or something?" } ], "tags": [ "example" ], "notes": "Often paired with や (AやBなど). After a single noun it softens a suggestion.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "b558e06f44760ce6a7143286563beba9337996640533c87c6247c3594a53fcf5", "meanings": [ "等", "之类" ], "formation": "名词＋など", "explanation": "列举例子，表示还有其他同类事物。", "notes": "常与や搭配；提出建议时也可缓和语气。", "examples": [ { "ja": "机の上に本やノートなどがあります。", "zh": "桌上有书、笔记本等。" }, { "ja": "夏休みに京都や奈良などに行きました。", "zh": "暑假我去了京都、奈良等地。" }, { "ja": "お茶など、いかがですか。", "zh": "喝点茶之类的怎么样？" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#nado", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "f44edc1d454593b5193786206b0a1b96b88a653a4da045d5b7254c74759cdd86" } }, { "id": "de-mo-suggestion", "pattern": "〜でも（suggestion）", "romaji": "de mo (suggestion)", "level": "N4", "meaning": "or something (softening a suggestion)", "formation": "Noun + でも", "examples": [ { "ja": "ちょっと休んで、コーヒーでも飲みませんか。", "furigana": "ちょっと{休|やす}んで、コーヒーでも{飲|の}みませんか。", "en": "Why don't we take a break and have a coffee or something?" }, { "ja": "雨だから、家でゲームでもしよう。", "furigana": "{雨|あめ}だから、{家|いえ}でゲームでもしよう。", "en": "It's raining, so let's play a game or something at home." }, { "ja": "暇なら、本でも読んだら？", "furigana": "{暇|ひま}なら、{本|ほん}でも{読|よ}んだら？", "en": "If you're bored, why not read a book or something?" } ], "tags": [ "suggestion", "example" ], "notes": "Offers one example while leaving other options open, which makes invitations and advice sound less pushy.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "7bbba9c2341c2dc4ae55727adb544e6023e464d2d1388f07de49a67d5eec6537", "meanings": [ "……之类", "要不要……" ], "formation": "名词＋でも", "explanation": "提出一种可能的选择，同时保留其他选择。", "notes": "常用于委婉邀请或建议。", "examples": [ { "ja": "ちょっと休んで、コーヒーでも飲みませんか。", "zh": "休息一下，喝杯咖啡什么的好吗？" }, { "ja": "雨だから、家でゲームでもしよう。", "zh": "下雨了，我们在家玩游戏什么的吧。" }, { "ja": "暇なら、本でも読んだら？", "zh": "如果有空，看看书什么的怎么样？" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#de-mo-suggestion", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "2856b07297e25a5d87766b08434a1eb6c3bb4af3c2a043981815f7919533cbda" } }, { "id": "sa", "pattern": "〜さ", "romaji": "sa", "level": "N4", "meaning": "-ness (turns an adjective into a noun of degree)", "formation": "i-Adj stem + さ / na-Adj + さ", "examples": [ { "ja": "この橋の長さはどのくらいですか。", "furigana": "この{橋|はし}の{長|なが}さはどのくらいですか。", "en": "How long is this bridge?" }, { "ja": "山の上の寒さにびっくりした。", "furigana": "{山|やま}の{上|うえ}の{寒|さむ}さにびっくりした。", "en": "I was surprised by how cold it was at the top of the mountain." }, { "ja": "この仕事の大変さは、やってみないと分からない。", "furigana": "この{仕事|しごと}の{大変|たいへん}さは、やってみないと{分|わ}からない。", "en": "You can't understand how tough this job is until you try it." } ], "tags": [ "nominalization", "degree" ], "notes": "いい becomes よさ. Common for measurements (高さ, 重さ, 大きさ, 長さ).", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "ea051baedfe452723f56e667a1d7fb755523ab7537bf4b8f4c9c4ab6d49defa4", "meanings": [ "……的程度", "……度" ], "formation": "い形容词词干／な形容词＋さ", "explanation": "将形容词转化为表示性质或程度的名词。", "notes": "いい变为よさ；常用于高さ、長さ等。", "examples": [ { "ja": "この橋の長さはどのくらいですか。", "zh": "这座桥有多长？" }, { "ja": "山の上の寒さにびっくりした。", "zh": "我被山顶的寒冷吓了一跳。" }, { "ja": "この仕事の大変さは、やってみないと分からない。", "zh": "这份工作有多辛苦，不做做看就不知道。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#sa", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "5b56abf94d12bdf31b4ba8d1b3d9cb4310714fc54088f6f3b779f755574c2043" } }, { "id": "me", "pattern": "〜目", "reading": "〜め", "romaji": "me", "level": "N4", "meaning": "-th (ordinal: first, second, third ...)", "formation": "Noun (number + counter) + 目", "examples": [ { "ja": "右から三つ目の建物が図書館です。", "furigana": "{右|みぎ}から{三|みっ}つ{目|め}の{建物|たてもの}が{図書館|としょかん}です。", "en": "The third building from the right is the library." }, { "ja": "日本に来るのは今回で二回目です。", "furigana": "{日本|にほん}に{来|く}るのは{今回|こんかい}で{二|に}{回|かい}{目|め}です。", "en": "This is my second time coming to Japan." }, { "ja": "二つ目の角を左に曲がってください。", "furigana": "{二|ふた}つ{目|め}の{角|かど}を{左|ひだり}に{曲|ま}がってください。", "en": "Please turn left at the second corner." } ], "tags": [ "quantity" ], "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "04b07efdcedfb8cacf79b6b0384e5739a6ef670bff92c93e5b9ae28068782d1f", "meanings": [ "第……", "第几次" ], "formation": "数量词＋目", "explanation": "接在数量词后表示顺序。", "notes": "如二回目表示第二次，三つ目表示第三个。", "examples": [ { "ja": "右から三つ目の建物が図書館です。", "zh": "从右边数第三栋建筑是图书馆。" }, { "ja": "日本に来るのは今回で二回目です。", "zh": "这是我第二次来日本。" }, { "ja": "二つ目の角を左に曲がってください。", "zh": "请在第二个拐角左转。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#me", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "ab01400c0a3971d9160d63036e02c753628597ac0b257d2bb40af4f0e5d18727" } }, { "id": "oki-ni", "pattern": "〜おきに", "romaji": "oki ni", "level": "N4", "meaning": "every other; at intervals of", "formation": "Noun (number + counter) + おきに", "examples": [ { "ja": "このバスは十五分おきに来ます。", "furigana": "このバスは{十|じゅう}{五|ご}{分|ふん}おきに{来|き}ます。", "en": "This bus comes every fifteen minutes." }, { "ja": "一日おきにジョギングをしています。", "furigana": "{一|いち}{日|にち}おきにジョギングをしています。", "en": "I go jogging every other day." }, { "ja": "道の両側に、木が五メートルおきに植えてある。", "furigana": "{道|みち}の{両側|りょうがわ}に、{木|き}が{五|ご}メートルおきに{植|う}えてある。", "en": "Trees are planted every five meters on both sides of the road." } ], "tags": [ "time", "quantity" ], "notes": "With days (一日おき) it skips one unit, meaning 'every other day'. With minutes or distances it usually just means 'every X'.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "32a59c7ca7a7bb1f925233c85ea2ad4188349841fdfba7d4ae105bf6bf5c1886", "meanings": [ "每隔……", "以……间隔" ], "formation": "数量词＋おきに", "explanation": "表示按一定间隔反复出现。", "notes": "一日おき通常表示隔一天；分钟和距离常表示每隔指定间距。", "examples": [ { "ja": "このバスは十五分おきに来ます。", "zh": "这班公共汽车每隔十五分钟来一趟。" }, { "ja": "一日おきにジョギングをしています。", "zh": "我隔一天慢跑一次。" }, { "ja": "道の両側に、木が五メートルおきに植えてある。", "zh": "路的两侧每隔五米种着树。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#oki-ni", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "c3d08d9e9fcc2dc79cf6919ef33029e5289227109848a7ec79028c75455624d6" } }, { "id": "ku-suru-ni-suru", "pattern": "〜くする / 〜にする（make）", "romaji": "ku suru / ni suru", "level": "N4", "meaning": "make (something) ...; change something to a state", "formation": "i-Adj-ku + する / na-Adj + に + する / Noun + に + する", "examples": [ { "ja": "テレビの音を小さくしてください。", "furigana": "テレビの{音|おと}を{小|ちい}さくしてください。", "en": "Please turn the TV down." }, { "ja": "お客さんが来るから、部屋をきれいにしよう。", "furigana": "お{客|きゃく}さんが{来|く}るから、{部屋|へや}をきれいにしよう。", "en": "We have guests coming, so let's tidy up the room." }, { "ja": "暑いので、髪を短くしました。", "furigana": "{暑|あつ}いので、{髪|かみ}を{短|みじか}くしました。", "en": "It's hot, so I had my hair cut short." } ], "tags": [ "change" ], "notes": "Someone deliberately changes something. Compare 〜くなる / 〜になる, where the change happens by itself.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "0243464b44b55c196a9b3294cb8f298399c4c81ad8f2167ae9e029908b82b430", "meanings": [ "使变得", "把……变成" ], "formation": "い形容词词干＋くする／な形容词或名词＋にする", "explanation": "表示有意识地使某物或某事变为某种状态。", "notes": "与描述状态变化的〜くなる／〜になる相对。", "examples": [ { "ja": "テレビの音を小さくしてください。", "zh": "请把电视音量调小。" }, { "ja": "お客さんが来るから、部屋をきれいにしよう。", "zh": "客人要来了，把房间收拾干净吧。" }, { "ja": "暑いので、髪を短くしました。", "zh": "因为天气热，我把头发剪短了。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#ku-suru-ni-suru", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "f02d3cf0891174507eb07d62c6b80782e5d6b127ccd3912955f6fbc7115efb2c" } }, { "id": "ga-suru", "pattern": "〜がする", "romaji": "ga suru", "level": "N4", "meaning": "(a smell, sound, taste or feeling) is perceived", "formation": "Noun + がする", "examples": [ { "ja": "台所からいいにおいがする。", "furigana": "{台所|だいどころ}からいいにおいがする。", "en": "There's a nice smell coming from the kitchen." }, { "ja": "外で変な音がしました。", "furigana": "{外|そと}で{変|へん}な{音|おと}がしました。", "en": "I heard a strange noise outside." }, { "ja": "このお茶は少し甘い味がする。", "furigana": "このお{茶|ちゃ}は{少|すこ}し{甘|あま}い{味|あじ}がする。", "en": "This tea tastes slightly sweet." } ], "tags": [ "state", "emotion" ], "notes": "Used with におい, 音, 声, 味 and 気 (〜気がする: 'have a feeling that').", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "04117f888f9336c17a7d2c9079cbad1425fdaddae74d3483ee3f5ce27c9b961f", "meanings": [ "闻到", "听到", "感觉到" ], "formation": "表示气味、声音、味道等的名词＋がする", "explanation": "表示感知到某种气味、声音、味道或感觉。", "notes": "常接におい、音、声、味和気等。", "examples": [ { "ja": "台所からいいにおいがする。", "zh": "厨房传来一股香味。" }, { "ja": "外で変な音がしました。", "zh": "外面传来了奇怪的声音。" }, { "ja": "このお茶は少し甘い味がする。", "zh": "这茶尝起来有点甜。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#ga-suru", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "6229982453cec59dda05fa04db4ac8fe3a1bec3e2467f2ce7e66d4622d1ff29c" } }, { "id": "kana-kashira", "pattern": "〜かな / 〜かしら", "romaji": "kana / kashira", "level": "N4", "meaning": "I wonder", "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj / Noun + かな / かしら", "examples": [ { "ja": "明日は晴れるかな。", "furigana": "{明日|あした}は{晴|は}れるかな。", "en": "I wonder if it'll be sunny tomorrow." }, { "ja": "このお菓子、誰が買ってきたのかな。", "furigana": "このお{菓子|かし}、{誰|だれ}が{買|か}ってきたのかな。", "en": "I wonder who bought these snacks." }, { "ja": "この服、私に似合うかしら。", "furigana": "この{服|ふく}、{私|わたし}に{似合|にあ}うかしら。", "en": "I wonder if this outfit suits me." } ], "tags": [ "question", "casual" ], "notes": "A soft question, often said to oneself. かしら sounds feminine and a little old-fashioned. 〜ないかな can express a wish (早く来ないかな).", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "93dae3ac77378a84975dfd856c212158d6859b70ced9f7ded4fc8de54d621df4", "meanings": [ "不知道……", "……呢" ], "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干／名词＋かな／かしら", "explanation": "表示疑问、揣测，常用于自言自语。", "notes": "名词和な形容词的非过去肯定形通常不加だ；かしら带女性化及稍旧式的语感。", "examples": [ { "ja": "明日は晴れるかな。", "zh": "明天会放晴吗？" }, { "ja": "このお菓子、誰が買ってきたのかな。", "zh": "这些点心是谁买来的呢？" }, { "ja": "この服、私に似合うかしら。", "zh": "这件衣服适合我吗？" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#kana-kashira", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "6174834b4396d0137fbd73a8d7f8487bbb642f35d763a1c877d45f9f4e761933" } }, { "id": "te-kuremasen-ka-te-itadakemasen-ka", "pattern": "〜てくれませんか / 〜ていただけませんか", "romaji": "te kuremasen ka / te itadakemasen ka", "level": "N4", "meaning": "could you please ...? (polite request)", "formation": "Verb-te + くれませんか / Verb-te + いただけませんか", "examples": [ { "ja": "すみません、写真を撮ってくれませんか。", "furigana": "すみません、{写真|しゃしん}を{撮|と}ってくれませんか。", "en": "Excuse me, could you take my picture?" }, { "ja": "この書類の書き方を教えていただけませんか。", "furigana": "この{書類|しょるい}の{書|か}き{方|かた}を{教|おし}えていただけませんか。", "en": "Could you please show me how to fill out this form?" }, { "ja": "もう少し大きい声で話していただけませんか。", "furigana": "もう{少|すこ}し{大|おお}きい{声|こえ}で{話|はな}していただけませんか。", "en": "Could you speak a little louder, please?" } ], "tags": [ "request", "politeness" ], "notes": "Softer than 〜てください. Politeness rises from 〜てくれませんか to 〜てもらえませんか to 〜ていただけませんか.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "643fc6718b1168282778c4f6c601bda5151d75622defb8c4b2e1acf503d5a709", "meanings": [ "能否请您……" ], "formation": "动词て形＋くれませんか／いただけませんか", "explanation": "礼貌地请求对方做某事。", "notes": "いただけませんか比くれませんか更郑重。", "examples": [ { "ja": "すみません、写真を撮ってくれませんか。", "zh": "不好意思，能帮我拍张照吗？" }, { "ja": "この書類の書き方を教えていただけませんか。", "zh": "能否请您教我这份文件怎么填写？" }, { "ja": "もう少し大きい声で話していただけませんか。", "zh": "能否请您再说大声一点？" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#te-kuremasen-ka-te-itadakemasen-ka", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "54e42b0764dbdac7c95bdb0694f0543b5c8f66134715eea25fce77d6441a519b" } }, { "id": "naide", "pattern": "〜ないで", "romaji": "naide", "level": "N4", "meaning": "without doing; instead of doing", "formation": "Verb-nai + で", "examples": [ { "ja": "今朝は朝ご飯を食べないで学校に行った。", "furigana": "{今朝|けさ}は{朝|あさ}ご{飯|はん}を{食|た}べないで{学校|がっこう}に{行|い}った。", "en": "This morning I went to school without eating breakfast." }, { "ja": "傘を持たないで出かけて、雨にぬれてしまった。", "furigana": "{傘|かさ}を{持|も}たないで{出|で}かけて、{雨|あめ}にぬれてしまった。", "en": "I went out without an umbrella and got soaked." }, { "ja": "エレベーターを使わないで、階段で上がりましょう。", "furigana": "エレベーターを{使|つか}わないで、{階段|かいだん}で{上|あ}がりましょう。", "en": "Let's take the stairs instead of the elevator." } ], "tags": [ "negation", "manner" ], "notes": "〜ずに (N3) means the same but is more formal. Differs from 〜なくて, which gives a reason.", "zh": { "status": "reviewed", "source_hash": "ba2f323e4cdc42271825c5e7714efc12762303313c494cb6ba8c70975358a04b", "meanings": [ "不做……而……", "不……" ], "formation": "动词ない形＋で", "explanation": "表示不做前项而进行后项，或以另一动作代替前项。", "notes": "书面表达中也可用〜ずに；〜なくて可用于表示原因等。", "examples": [ { "ja": "今朝は朝ご飯を食べないで学校に行った。", "zh": "今天早上我没吃早饭就去学校了。" }, { "ja": "傘を持たないで出かけて、雨にぬれてしまった。", "zh": "我没带伞出门，结果被雨淋湿了。" }, { "ja": "エレベーターを使わないで、階段で上がりましょう。", "zh": "我们不坐电梯，走楼梯上去吧。" } ], "references": [ "sources/grammar/n4.json#naide", "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review" ], "reviewer": "Codex", "review_method": "ai", "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28", "review_hash": "a3e496931a1e6239aa2e102702d67fad08ec5fc5ea49aa8d776e1103b84e0c4f" } } ]