[
  {
    "id": "wa",
    "pattern": "〜は",
    "romaji": "wa",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "as for; marks the topic of the sentence",
    "formation": "Noun + は",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "私は学生です。",
        "furigana": "{私|わたし}は{学生|がくせい}です。",
        "en": "I am a student."
      },
      {
        "ja": "今日は天気がいいです。",
        "furigana": "{今日|きょう}は{天気|てんき}がいいです。",
        "en": "The weather is nice today."
      },
      {
        "ja": "この本はおもしろいです。",
        "furigana": "この{本|ほん}はおもしろいです。",
        "en": "This book is interesting."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle",
      "topic"
    ],
    "notes": "Written は but pronounced 'wa'. It sets up what the sentence is about; the key information comes after it.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "3176e50529d6bda7707f7a4b5a7963c699a1d9b8d96440156d6a0a474c9e3958",
      "meanings": [
        "至于……",
        "提示话题"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋は",
      "explanation": "把某人或某事设为谈论的话题，再说明其情况。也可用于对比。",
      "notes": "写作は，读作wa。话题不一定是句子的主语。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "私は学生です。",
          "zh": "我是学生。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "今日は天気がいいです。",
          "zh": "今天天气很好。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "この本はおもしろいです。",
          "zh": "这本书很有意思。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#wa",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "72bbc3bf2f9fe44829a08bf4cb80c8979284f3fc4fdcb4640f3b1a0678ce8db1"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ga-subject",
    "pattern": "〜が（subject）",
    "romaji": "ga (subject)",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "marks the subject; points out new or focused information",
    "formation": "Noun + が",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "雨が降っています。",
        "furigana": "{雨|あめ}が{降|ふ}っています。",
        "en": "It is raining."
      },
      {
        "ja": "だれが窓を開けましたか。",
        "furigana": "だれが{窓|まど}を{開|あ}けましたか。",
        "en": "Who opened the window?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "私が行きます。",
        "furigana": "{私|わたし}が{行|い}きます。",
        "en": "I'll be the one to go."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle"
    ],
    "notes": "Question words such as だれ and 何 take が, never は, when they are the subject. が is also used with 好き, ほしい, 上手 and わかる for the thing liked, wanted or understood.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "6fd39578a6caa28da48534dec9128ebf021b902198d26f46d18fcf4d14c5cf1b",
      "meanings": [
        "提示主语",
        "突出新信息"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋が",
      "explanation": "用于说明谁或什么做某事，或介绍新出现的人、事物。回答“谁去”时，用私が行きます突出“我”。",
      "notes": "疑问词作主语时通常用が；与は的区别需要结合上下文判断。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "雨が降っています。",
          "zh": "正在下雨。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "だれが窓を開けましたか。",
          "zh": "谁把窗户打开了？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "私が行きます。",
          "zh": "我去。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#ga-subject",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "189fdb9f704573c6514c8475f8a281cdcaa61dd1c48c7dfa9d6c7cc72fbbbdad"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "o",
    "pattern": "〜を",
    "romaji": "o",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "marks the direct object of a verb; marks a place moved through or left",
    "formation": "Noun + を",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "毎朝パンを食べます。",
        "furigana": "{毎朝|まいあさ}パンを{食|た}べます。",
        "en": "I eat bread every morning."
      },
      {
        "ja": "姉は新しいかばんを買いました。",
        "furigana": "{姉|あね}は{新|あたら}しいかばんを{買|か}いました。",
        "en": "My older sister bought a new bag."
      },
      {
        "ja": "公園を散歩しました。",
        "furigana": "{公園|こうえん}を{散歩|さんぽ}しました。",
        "en": "I took a walk in the park."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle"
    ],
    "notes": "Written を but pronounced 'o'. With movement verbs such as 歩く, 散歩する and 出る it marks the route or the place being left.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "bcab0dc2551d165d900894c81347803e39905b3ae3738bcc121fbb50685275d3",
      "meanings": [
        "提示动作对象",
        "提示经过或离开的地点"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋を",
      "explanation": "常接在动作作用的对象后；与移动动词搭配时，也能表示经过的路线或离开的地点。",
      "notes": "写作を，通常读作o。公園を散歩する强调在公园里走动。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "毎朝パンを食べます。",
          "zh": "我每天早晨吃面包。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "姉は新しいかばんを買いました。",
          "zh": "姐姐买了一个新包。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "公園を散歩しました。",
          "zh": "我在公园散步了。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#o",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "a23e09f2689ca473204a9bc294ac0a46bae9ea37fd223f17ec410e79a7313ac3"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ni-time",
    "pattern": "〜に（time）",
    "romaji": "ni (time)",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "at; on; in (a specific point in time)",
    "formation": "Noun + に",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "毎朝7時に起きます。",
        "furigana": "{毎朝|まいあさ}7{時|じ}に{起|お}きます。",
        "en": "I get up at seven every morning."
      },
      {
        "ja": "日曜日に友達と会います。",
        "furigana": "{日曜日|にちようび}に{友達|ともだち}と{会|あ}います。",
        "en": "I'm meeting a friend on Sunday."
      },
      {
        "ja": "8月に国へ帰ります。",
        "furigana": "8{月|がつ}に{国|くに}へ{帰|かえ}ります。",
        "en": "I'm going back to my country in August."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle",
      "time"
    ],
    "notes": "Used with clock times, dates, days of the week and months. Relative words such as 今日, 明日, 毎日 and 来週 take no に.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "22dd5f3fdd4c81678bbdf62540b849d03ef4b05f91333099b9f7341d1f60f4d0",
      "meanings": [
        "在……时间"
      ],
      "formation": "具体时间名词＋に",
      "explanation": "表示动作发生的具体时间点，可用于钟点、日期、星期等。",
      "notes": "今日、明日等相对时间，以及毎日等频率表达通常不加に；星期名称后的に有时可省略。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "毎朝7時に起きます。",
          "zh": "我每天早上七点起床。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "日曜日に友達と会います。",
          "zh": "我星期天和朋友见面。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "8月に国へ帰ります。",
          "zh": "我八月回国。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#ni-time",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "d7c368dae1c3b2ad72297cf751b4095890cedaf517c2f4a72f0cb2990a5610ae"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ni-destination",
    "pattern": "〜に（destination）",
    "romaji": "ni (destination)",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "to; into (the destination of movement)",
    "formation": "Noun + に + 行く / 来る / 帰る",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "毎日バスで学校に行きます。",
        "furigana": "{毎日|まいにち}バスで{学校|がっこう}に{行|い}きます。",
        "en": "I go to school by bus every day."
      },
      {
        "ja": "夜10時に家に帰りました。",
        "furigana": "{夜|よる}10{時|じ}に{家|いえ}に{帰|かえ}りました。",
        "en": "I got home at 10 p.m."
      },
      {
        "ja": "来月、姉が日本に来ます。",
        "furigana": "{来月|らいげつ}、{姉|あね}が{日本|にほん}に{来|き}ます。",
        "en": "My older sister is coming to Japan next month."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle"
    ],
    "notes": "Close in meaning to へ. に puts the focus on the arrival point, へ on the direction.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "06b0e934d16e9c9e52e9ffda249d50fbf756858b063f5dd06c36e56de92d65ad",
      "meanings": [
        "到……",
        "去往……"
      ],
      "formation": "地点名词＋に＋行く／来る／帰る",
      "explanation": "标记移动的目的地或到达点，常与去、来、回等动词搭配。",
      "notes": "に偏重到达点，へ偏重方向；许多移动句中两者都能使用。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "毎日バスで学校に行きます。",
          "zh": "我每天坐公交车去学校。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "夜10時に家に帰りました。",
          "zh": "我晚上十点回到家了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "来月、姉が日本に来ます。",
          "zh": "姐姐下个月来日本。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#ni-destination",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "ca339cc0398099c8277b44b3527b6b8a099e6e462bbc8ddda4c852488992e4e3"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ni-location",
    "pattern": "〜に（place of existence）",
    "romaji": "ni (location)",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "in; at; on (where someone or something is)",
    "formation": "Noun + に + ある / いる",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "机の上に辞書があります。",
        "furigana": "{机|つくえ}の{上|うえ}に{辞書|じしょ}があります。",
        "en": "There is a dictionary on the desk."
      },
      {
        "ja": "姉は東京に住んでいます。",
        "furigana": "{姉|あね}は{東京|とうきょう}に{住|す}んでいます。",
        "en": "My older sister lives in Tokyo."
      },
      {
        "ja": "猫は今どこにいますか。",
        "furigana": "{猫|ねこ}は{今|いま}どこにいますか。",
        "en": "Where is the cat now?"
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle"
    ],
    "notes": "Used with ある, いる and 住む. For the place where an action happens (eat, study, play), use で instead.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "4296c668739177e8285b1bfd77ea3227a9e8f273d80a260662844fb0a80a5266",
      "meanings": [
        "在……（存在的地点）"
      ],
      "formation": "地点名词＋に＋ある／いる／住む等",
      "explanation": "说明人或事物存在的位置，也可与住む等表示居住的动词搭配。",
      "notes": "ある通常用于无生命事物，いる用于人或动物；活动发生的场所通常用で。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "机の上に辞書があります。",
          "zh": "桌子上有一本词典。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "姉は東京に住んでいます。",
          "zh": "姐姐住在东京。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "猫は今どこにいますか。",
          "zh": "猫现在在哪里？"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#ni-location",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "3235d9edaeb73fd4f395b8e997438074f73964d80c2d4979fb4870b5ab7f77cf"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ni-indirect-object",
    "pattern": "〜に（indirect object）",
    "romaji": "ni (indirect object)",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "to (the person who receives or is the target of an action)",
    "formation": "Noun + に",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "母に手紙を書きます。",
        "furigana": "{母|はは}に{手紙|てがみ}を{書|か}きます。",
        "en": "I'm going to write a letter to my mother."
      },
      {
        "ja": "妹に本を貸しました。",
        "furigana": "{妹|いもうと}に{本|ほん}を{貸|か}しました。",
        "en": "I lent a book to my younger sister."
      },
      {
        "ja": "友達に電話をかけました。",
        "furigana": "{友達|ともだち}に{電話|でんわ}をかけました。",
        "en": "I called my friend."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle"
    ],
    "notes": "Common with あげる, 貸す, 教える, 見せる, 電話をかける and 会う. With もらう and 借りる, に marks the person you get something from.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "a0723afaedf42490a1df2a08abe29bed55e50cb91023bc575fe1b0a03afbb011",
      "meanings": [
        "向……",
        "给……"
      ],
      "formation": "对象名词＋に",
      "explanation": "标记动作指向的人或接受者，例如给人写信、借东西给人、给人打电话。",
      "notes": "与もらう、借りる搭配时，に可标记给予者或借出者，需要结合动词判断。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "母に手紙を書きます。",
          "zh": "我要给妈妈写信。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "妹に本を貸しました。",
          "zh": "我把书借给妹妹了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "友達に電話をかけました。",
          "zh": "我给朋友打了电话。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#ni-indirect-object",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "263f69cecc380162b217075f4e4214a7cf78a6c912d93a2cc57d2b152d59c4fc"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ni-frequency",
    "pattern": "〜に（frequency）",
    "romaji": "ni (frequency)",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "per; in (how many times within a period)",
    "formation": "Noun + に + Noun",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "一週間に二回、プールで泳ぎます。",
        "furigana": "{一週間|いっしゅうかん}に{二|に}{回|かい}、プールで{泳|およ}ぎます。",
        "en": "I swim in the pool twice a week."
      },
      {
        "ja": "母は一日に二回、犬の散歩をします。",
        "furigana": "{母|はは}は{一|いち}{日|にち}に{二|に}{回|かい}、{犬|いぬ}の{散歩|さんぽ}をします。",
        "en": "My mother walks the dog twice a day."
      },
      {
        "ja": "一年に一度、家族で旅行します。",
        "furigana": "{一|いち}{年|ねん}に{一|いち}{度|ど}、{家族|かぞく}で{旅行|りょこう}します。",
        "en": "Once a year, my family goes on a trip."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle",
      "quantity"
    ],
    "notes": "The period comes first, then に, then the number of times: 月に一回 (once a month).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "6805e7472ffc06a0a5b3745e4e4a6be8e3f33717ffef241416ebfb90cba5d212",
      "meanings": [
        "每……",
        "在……期间内"
      ],
      "formation": "时间段＋に＋次数或数量",
      "explanation": "把一个时间段作为单位，说明动作重复的次数。",
      "notes": "一週間に二回表示每周两次，不表示在某个具体时刻。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "一週間に二回、プールで泳ぎます。",
          "zh": "我每周在游泳池游两次泳。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "母は一日に二回、犬の散歩をします。",
          "zh": "妈妈每天遛狗两次。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "一年に一度、家族で旅行します。",
          "zh": "我们全家每年旅行一次。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#ni-frequency",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "ec4ae3b92fa4183f39f3c62bb8bfee2466d054648908eab3382316437a209a3f"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "e",
    "pattern": "〜へ",
    "romaji": "e",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "to; toward (the direction of movement)",
    "formation": "Noun + へ",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "夏休みに北海道へ行きます。",
        "furigana": "{夏休|なつやす}みに{北海道|ほっかいどう}へ{行|い}きます。",
        "en": "I'm going to Hokkaido during summer vacation."
      },
      {
        "ja": "来週、国へ帰ります。",
        "furigana": "{来週|らいしゅう}、{国|くに}へ{帰|かえ}ります。",
        "en": "I'm going back to my home country next week."
      },
      {
        "ja": "どこへ行きますか。",
        "furigana": "どこへ{行|い}きますか。",
        "en": "Where are you going?"
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle"
    ],
    "notes": "Written へ but pronounced 'e'. Usually interchangeable with に for destinations; へ stresses the direction a little more.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "d6a7e432e198c51f68b930ffe6265fb65cbb0747634145275eed8891fdad59b0",
      "meanings": [
        "往……",
        "朝……"
      ],
      "formation": "地点名词＋へ",
      "explanation": "标记移动的方向，用于去、来、回等动作。",
      "notes": "写作へ，读作e；与に相比，更突出朝哪个方向移动。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "夏休みに北海道へ行きます。",
          "zh": "我暑假去北海道。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "来週、国へ帰ります。",
          "zh": "我下周回国。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "どこへ行きますか。",
          "zh": "你要去哪里？"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#e",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "7dd33a4eded929e32b61a96f1ffe6c056a6604d762932d078b5cbc1cff4f0b27"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "de-place",
    "pattern": "〜で（place of action）",
    "romaji": "de (place)",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "at; in (the place where an action happens)",
    "formation": "Noun + で",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "図書館で本を読みます。",
        "furigana": "{図書館|としょかん}で{本|ほん}を{読|よ}みます。",
        "en": "I read books at the library."
      },
      {
        "ja": "きのう、デパートでくつを買いました。",
        "furigana": "きのう、デパートでくつを{買|か}いました。",
        "en": "Yesterday I bought shoes at the department store."
      },
      {
        "ja": "駅の前で友達を待ちました。",
        "furigana": "{駅|えき}の{前|まえ}で{友達|ともだち}を{待|ま}ちました。",
        "en": "I waited for my friend in front of the station."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle"
    ],
    "notes": "Compare 教室にいます (being somewhere: に) with 教室で勉強します (doing something there: で).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "0a7f0a4c3639fd8d6a46200bc90903d64ea139b13be6fff69fb9c9d2c73c7c9f",
      "meanings": [
        "在……（动作发生的场所）"
      ],
      "formation": "地点名词＋で",
      "explanation": "说明读书、买东西、等人等动作发生在哪里。",
      "notes": "存在的位置通常用に，例如図書館に本がある。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "図書館で本を読みます。",
          "zh": "我在图书馆看书。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "きのう、デパートでくつを買いました。",
          "zh": "昨天我在百货商店买了鞋。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "駅の前で友達を待ちました。",
          "zh": "我在车站前等朋友了。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#de-place",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "ffac0336285db73bf30a09df1f04b53012bd58b5d8cfec4e7ca2d32fca8d9669"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "de-means",
    "pattern": "〜で（means）",
    "romaji": "de (means)",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "by; with; in (means, tool, method or language)",
    "formation": "Noun + で",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "毎日電車で会社へ行きます。",
        "furigana": "{毎日|まいにち}{電車|でんしゃ}で{会社|かいしゃ}へ{行|い}きます。",
        "en": "I go to work by train every day."
      },
      {
        "ja": "はしでご飯を食べます。",
        "furigana": "はしでご{飯|はん}を{食|た}べます。",
        "en": "I eat my meals with chopsticks."
      },
      {
        "ja": "日本語で手紙を書きました。",
        "furigana": "{日本語|にほんご}で{手紙|てがみ}を{書|か}きました。",
        "en": "I wrote a letter in Japanese."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle",
      "means"
    ],
    "notes": "To say 'on foot', use 歩いて行きます rather than で.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "15e4d1b692358e28da1f70a7384cf6e11f27fc4ff202c315d5642015a87199a3",
      "meanings": [
        "用……",
        "乘……",
        "以……方式"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋で",
      "explanation": "表示完成动作所用的工具、交通方式、语言或手段。",
      "notes": "步行去通常说歩いて行く；不要把表示工具的で与表示地点的で混淆。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "毎日電車で会社へ行きます。",
          "zh": "我每天乘电车去公司。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "はしでご飯を食べます。",
          "zh": "我用筷子吃饭。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "日本語で手紙を書きました。",
          "zh": "我用日语写了信。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#de-means",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "af03a83bd504e722f6d7269610876ff3ef0d952daa0bc024f2f3d5ae9bddb4b8"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "to-and",
    "pattern": "〜と（and）",
    "romaji": "to (and)",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "and (joining nouns in a complete list)",
    "formation": "Noun + と + Noun",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "かばんの中にペンとノートがあります。",
        "furigana": "かばんの{中|なか}にペンとノートがあります。",
        "en": "There is a pen and a notebook in my bag."
      },
      {
        "ja": "朝ご飯にパンとたまごを食べました。",
        "furigana": "{朝|あさ}ご{飯|はん}にパンとたまごを{食|た}べました。",
        "en": "I had bread and eggs for breakfast."
      },
      {
        "ja": "父と母は銀行で働いています。",
        "furigana": "{父|ちち}と{母|はは}は{銀行|ぎんこう}で{働|はたら}いています。",
        "en": "My father and mother work at a bank."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle",
      "addition"
    ],
    "notes": "と lists every item; to give just some examples, use や. It joins nouns only, not verbs or adjectives.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "61aba31711fa09fdfaad6bcf045bad56279ba19961b8cd6f788a7f8d8e5eb410",
      "meanings": [
        "和（完整列举）"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋と＋名词",
      "explanation": "连接名词，列出当前所谈范围内的各项。",
      "notes": "表示举例而不列全时通常用や；此用法不能直接连接动词或形容词。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "かばんの中にペンとノートがあります。",
          "zh": "包里有笔和笔记本。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "朝ご飯にパンとたまごを食べました。",
          "zh": "我早餐吃了面包和鸡蛋。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "父と母は銀行で働いています。",
          "zh": "父亲和母亲在银行工作。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#to-and",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "0f67c7c11dd89cd29345fbe9055d25dea67694442b7355bd938de8cebf266930"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "to-with",
    "pattern": "〜と（with）",
    "romaji": "to (with)",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "with; together with (a partner in an action)",
    "formation": "Noun + と",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "週末、友達と映画を見ました。",
        "furigana": "{週末|しゅうまつ}、{友達|ともだち}と{映画|えいが}を{見|み}ました。",
        "en": "I saw a movie with a friend on the weekend."
      },
      {
        "ja": "妹といっしょに買い物に行きます。",
        "furigana": "{妹|いもうと}といっしょに{買|か}い{物|もの}に{行|い}きます。",
        "en": "I'm going shopping with my younger sister."
      },
      {
        "ja": "だれと昼ご飯を食べましたか。",
        "furigana": "だれと{昼|ひる}ご{飯|はん}を{食|た}べましたか。",
        "en": "Who did you have lunch with?"
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle"
    ],
    "notes": "Often followed by いっしょに. With verbs like 話す, 会う and 結婚する, と marks the other person.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "287d4fa3fc13ba76a8caf34fe03200613767ddfeaeb37d999a2d27ccb7e934ce",
      "meanings": [
        "和……一起",
        "与……"
      ],
      "formation": "人物名词＋と（＋いっしょに）",
      "explanation": "表示共同参与动作的对象，也可用于交谈、见面或结婚等相互性动作。",
      "notes": "と强调双方参与；会う也可以用に标记见面的对象，具体选择取决于语境。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "週末、友達と映画を見ました。",
          "zh": "周末我和朋友看了电影。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "妹といっしょに買い物に行きます。",
          "zh": "我要和妹妹一起去购物。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "だれと昼ご飯を食べましたか。",
          "zh": "你和谁一起吃了午饭？"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#to-with",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "37034cfa2f94b506d7b67e17492cf12b1584ec14e4e67d7c9e2ee53fe5dec0cd"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ya",
    "pattern": "〜や",
    "romaji": "ya",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "and (giving some examples out of more); ... and so on",
    "formation": "Noun + や + Noun",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "机の上に本や雑誌があります。",
        "furigana": "{机|つくえ}の{上|うえ}に{本|ほん}や{雑誌|ざっし}があります。",
        "en": "On the desk there are books, magazines and so on."
      },
      {
        "ja": "スーパーで肉や野菜を買いました。",
        "furigana": "スーパーで{肉|にく}や{野菜|やさい}を{買|か}いました。",
        "en": "I bought meat, vegetables and other things at the supermarket."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle",
      "example"
    ],
    "notes": "Suggests the list is not complete. Often ends with など: 本や雑誌など.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "300c2ebea83cb83cd6b9087fc182f125f606e37c20e089fabd12f9832c4aab70",
      "meanings": [
        "……和……等"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋や＋名词（＋など）",
      "explanation": "从多个项目中选出代表性的几项，不表示已经列举完毕。",
      "notes": "常与など搭配；需要完整列举时通常用と。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "机の上に本や雑誌があります。",
          "zh": "桌上有书、杂志等。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "スーパーで肉や野菜を買いました。",
          "zh": "我在超市买了肉、蔬菜等东西。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#ya",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "d4abc1defa9f2dac9d19bde63368f8c4759bc107643e4469cb1df5f56e866cd0"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ka-or",
    "pattern": "〜か（or）",
    "romaji": "ka (or)",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "or (a choice between nouns)",
    "formation": "Noun + か + Noun",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "飲み物はコーヒーか紅茶がいいです。",
        "furigana": "{飲|の}み{物|もの}はコーヒーか{紅茶|こうちゃ}がいいです。",
        "en": "For a drink, coffee or tea would be good."
      },
      {
        "ja": "土曜日か日曜日に買い物に行きます。",
        "furigana": "{土曜日|どようび}か{日曜日|にちようび}に{買|か}い{物|もの}に{行|い}きます。",
        "en": "I'll go shopping on Saturday or Sunday."
      },
      {
        "ja": "駅までバスかタクシーで行きます。",
        "furigana": "{駅|えき}までバスかタクシーで{行|い}きます。",
        "en": "I'll go to the station by bus or taxi."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle"
    ],
    "notes": "Means one of the items is chosen. To list items together, use と or や.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "c3ddd36ca270d70b9b6c5c3a1a661bd6b01870c9df9c9882bb9aa0665fce8aea",
      "meanings": [
        "或者"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋か＋名词",
      "explanation": "列出可供选择的项目，表示其中之一。",
      "notes": "此处的か表示选择，不是句末的疑问助词；共同列举用と或や。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "飲み物はコーヒーか紅茶がいいです。",
          "zh": "饮料我想要咖啡或红茶。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "土曜日か日曜日に買い物に行きます。",
          "zh": "我会在星期六或星期日去购物。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "駅までバスかタクシーで行きます。",
          "zh": "我乘公交车或出租车去车站。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#ka-or",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "2493716cc0b764c3bdd7a52c31af4465968529f154dcbf1cc962f25b2796bca2"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "mo",
    "pattern": "〜も",
    "romaji": "mo",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "also; too; (with a negative) not ... either; neither ... nor",
    "formation": "Noun + も",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "私も学生です。",
        "furigana": "{私|わたし}も{学生|がくせい}です。",
        "en": "I'm a student too."
      },
      {
        "ja": "兄はサッカーも好きです。",
        "furigana": "{兄|あに}はサッカーも{好|す}きです。",
        "en": "My older brother likes soccer too."
      },
      {
        "ja": "肉も魚も食べません。",
        "furigana": "{肉|にく}も{魚|さかな}も{食|た}べません。",
        "en": "I eat neither meat nor fish."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle",
      "addition"
    ],
    "notes": "も replaces は, が and を, but comes after other particles: 京都にも行きました.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "95c1630c62b76c5fe4671959aeae927eadb7a1d1b97b38f301b8c93711d1cf50",
      "meanings": [
        "也",
        "（与否定搭配）也不"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋も",
      "explanation": "表示同类事物也具有相同情况；与否定搭配可表示都不。",
      "notes": "可替代は、が、を；接在に等助词之后。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "私も学生です。",
          "zh": "我也是学生。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "兄はサッカーも好きです。",
          "zh": "哥哥也喜欢足球。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "肉も魚も食べません。",
          "zh": "我既不吃肉也不吃鱼。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#mo",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "88bc0978c79a63b8aa833555ad3ac1cbf267ac56020ad8abce50fc1643d4300f"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "no",
    "pattern": "〜の（possessive）",
    "romaji": "no",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "'s; of (possession, belonging or description)",
    "formation": "Noun + の + Noun",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "これは私のかさです。",
        "furigana": "これは{私|わたし}のかさです。",
        "en": "This is my umbrella."
      },
      {
        "ja": "日本語の先生はとてもやさしいです。",
        "furigana": "{日本語|にほんご}の{先生|せんせい}はとてもやさしいです。",
        "en": "The Japanese teacher is very kind."
      },
      {
        "ja": "駅の近くに新しい店があります。",
        "furigana": "{駅|えき}の{近|ちか}くに{新|あたら}しい{店|みせ}があります。",
        "en": "There is a new shop near the station."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle"
    ],
    "notes": "The first noun describes the second: 日本の車 (a Japanese car). The second noun can be dropped when clear: それは私のです.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "079397fbecb4350d1caa42e5858003ec5144440b007238f503115239929f80dd",
      "meanings": [
        "的",
        "所属或性质"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋の＋名词",
      "explanation": "前面的名词修饰或限定后面的名词，表示所属、性质或位置等。",
      "notes": "后面的名词在语境明确时可以省略。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "これは私のかさです。",
          "zh": "这是我的伞。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "日本語の先生はとてもやさしいです。",
          "zh": "日语老师非常和蔼。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "駅の近くに新しい店があります。",
          "zh": "车站附近有一家新店。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#no",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "76fd429eb784e012e072655ab83faeeb7c32a7e8b298579f9895dc21d96ac033"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "kara-from",
    "pattern": "〜から（from）",
    "romaji": "kara (from)",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "from (a starting point in time or place)",
    "formation": "Noun + から",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "授業は9時からです。",
        "furigana": "{授業|じゅぎょう}は9{時|じ}からです。",
        "en": "Class starts at nine."
      },
      {
        "ja": "学校から駅まで歩きます。",
        "furigana": "{学校|がっこう}から{駅|えき}まで{歩|ある}きます。",
        "en": "I walk from school to the station."
      },
      {
        "ja": "私はブラジルから来ました。",
        "furigana": "{私|わたし}はブラジルから{来|き}ました。",
        "en": "I'm from Brazil."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle",
      "time",
      "range"
    ],
    "notes": "Often paired with まで: 月曜日から金曜日まで (from Monday to Friday).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "b94e0b06b927f666b5d90450dac243749fadf514c69ac8c119563158053698a8",
      "meanings": [
        "从",
        "自"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋から",
      "explanation": "表示时间或地点的起点。",
      "notes": "常与まで搭配表示从某处或某时到另一处或另一时。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "授業は9時からです。",
          "zh": "课从九点开始。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "学校から駅まで歩きます。",
          "zh": "我从学校走到车站。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "私はブラジルから来ました。",
          "zh": "我来自巴西。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#kara-from",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "548e0526edd0a3517f478158fbb55216adf214f4fecb2bac8f68c52aca924baf"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "made",
    "pattern": "〜まで（until）",
    "romaji": "made",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "until; up to; as far as",
    "formation": "Noun + まで",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "昼休みは1時までです。",
        "furigana": "{昼休|ひるやす}みは1{時|じ}までです。",
        "en": "Lunch break is until one o'clock."
      },
      {
        "ja": "駅までいっしょに行きましょう。",
        "furigana": "{駅|えき}までいっしょに{行|い}きましょう。",
        "en": "Let's go together as far as the station."
      },
      {
        "ja": "きのうは夜11時まで勉強しました。",
        "furigana": "きのうは{夜|よる}11{時|じ}まで{勉強|べんきょう}しました。",
        "en": "Yesterday I studied until 11 p.m."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle",
      "time",
      "range"
    ],
    "notes": "Marks the end point of something that continues. For a deadline ('by'), use までに (N4).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "59e32bdecfb3d2cff70aeb2cf9b49d3ccd4b855dd84b3444d4ff42668e8f5bdd",
      "meanings": [
        "到",
        "直到"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋まで",
      "explanation": "表示持续动作或状态的时间、空间终点。",
      "notes": "表示截止期限时用までに。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "昼休みは1時までです。",
          "zh": "午休到一点结束。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "駅までいっしょに行きましょう。",
          "zh": "一起走到车站吧。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "きのうは夜11時まで勉強しました。",
          "zh": "昨天我学习到晚上十一点。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#made",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "c6dc7581e33bbf7857f8a4bdb50275d515db265d25bc2fc07b9e438c16595d24"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ka-question",
    "pattern": "〜か（question）",
    "romaji": "ka (question)",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "(question marker) turns a sentence into a question",
    "formation": "Sentence + か",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "これはあなたのかばんですか。",
        "en": "Is this your bag?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "朝ご飯を食べましたか。",
        "furigana": "{朝|あさ}ご{飯|はん}を{食|た}べましたか。",
        "en": "Did you eat breakfast?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "トイレはどこですか。",
        "en": "Where is the restroom?"
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle",
      "question"
    ],
    "notes": "Polite questions end in か and are usually written with 。. In casual speech か is normally dropped and rising intonation is used instead.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "5a9d6f417787e43f2dd806a300e9e42d8d2a258c40faeefcccf6e6c0808382e9",
      "meanings": [
        "疑问助词"
      ],
      "formation": "句子＋か",
      "explanation": "置于句末，将句子变成问句。",
      "notes": "礼貌体问句常以か结尾；口语中也可省略而用升调。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "これはあなたのかばんですか。",
          "zh": "这是你的包吗？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "朝ご飯を食べましたか。",
          "zh": "你吃早饭了吗？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "トイレはどこですか。",
          "zh": "洗手间在哪里？"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#ka-question",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "3d2a6dfa24557633af1571982bc371ea1ff17e30cbe1355f7eebe85b62745ac5"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ne",
    "pattern": "〜ね",
    "romaji": "ne",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "isn't it?; right? (seeking agreement or sharing a feeling)",
    "formation": "Sentence + ね",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "今日は暑いですね。",
        "furigana": "{今日|きょう}は{暑|あつ}いですね。",
        "en": "It's hot today, isn't it?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "このケーキ、おいしいですね。",
        "en": "This cake is delicious, isn't it?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "明日のテストは10時からですね。",
        "furigana": "{明日|あした}のテストは10{時|じ}からですね。",
        "en": "Tomorrow's test starts at ten, right?"
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle"
    ],
    "notes": "Used when the speaker expects the listener to share the same view or knowledge. Compare よ, which tells the listener something new.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "33483dd21bab9f59b0f213d8acb586fd1ca12927154e05c33b6c8eb68d664e52",
      "meanings": [
        "呢",
        "是吧"
      ],
      "formation": "句子＋ね",
      "explanation": "用于寻求认同、确认共同认识或分享感受。",
      "notes": "与向对方提供新信息的よ有所不同。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "今日は暑いですね。",
          "zh": "今天很热呢。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "このケーキ、おいしいですね。",
          "zh": "这块蛋糕很好吃呢。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "明日のテストは10時からですね。",
          "zh": "明天的考试从十点开始，对吧？"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#ne",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "c961d840e9fe49748ba9124263d7672e9b4cfa58166cf82214e576285f09cc7f"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "yo",
    "pattern": "〜よ",
    "romaji": "yo",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "you know; I tell you (giving new information or emphasis)",
    "formation": "Sentence + よ",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "このラーメンはとてもおいしいですよ。",
        "en": "This ramen is really good, you know."
      },
      {
        "ja": "かさを忘れていますよ。",
        "furigana": "かさを{忘|わす}れていますよ。",
        "en": "You're forgetting your umbrella."
      },
      {
        "ja": "明日はテストがありますよ。",
        "furigana": "{明日|あした}はテストがありますよ。",
        "en": "There's a test tomorrow, you know."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle",
      "emphasis"
    ],
    "notes": "Tells the listener something they may not know. Overusing it with superiors can sound pushy.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "9af12203d89bafa764c74fb395d251f3afd3c96c45ee9926ee534b46337c76b1",
      "meanings": [
        "告知",
        "强调"
      ],
      "formation": "句子＋よ",
      "explanation": "向对方传达信息或加强语气。",
      "notes": "对上级过度使用可能显得强硬。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "このラーメンはとてもおいしいですよ。",
          "zh": "这碗拉面很好吃哦。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "かさを忘れていますよ。",
          "zh": "你忘带伞了哦。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "明日はテストがありますよ。",
          "zh": "明天有考试哦。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#yo",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "1bf46473b8adbd8fe3a26e5e4fb8798485de271db3d83723dc87641c6b40d3e8"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "yori",
    "pattern": "〜より",
    "romaji": "yori",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "than (the standard of comparison)",
    "formation": "Noun + より",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "今日はきのうより寒いです。",
        "furigana": "{今日|きょう}はきのうより{寒|さむ}いです。",
        "en": "Today is colder than yesterday."
      },
      {
        "ja": "電車はバスより速いです。",
        "furigana": "{電車|でんしゃ}はバスより{速|はや}いです。",
        "en": "Trains are faster than buses."
      },
      {
        "ja": "兄は父より背が高いです。",
        "furigana": "{兄|あに}は{父|ちち}より{背|せ}が{高|たか}いです。",
        "en": "My older brother is taller than my father."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "particle",
      "comparison"
    ],
    "notes": "In X は Y より + adjective, Y is the standard. Japanese adjectives have no '-er' form; より does that job.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "3823c86832a27db43b5b1123a091a606327cae8aa189216b48cce96022c05570",
      "meanings": [
        "比"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋より",
      "explanation": "指出比较的基准，表示与其相比的程度。",
      "notes": "「XはYより……」中Y是比较基准。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "今日はきのうより寒いです。",
          "zh": "今天比昨天冷。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "電車はバスより速いです。",
          "zh": "电车比公共汽车快。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "兄は父より背が高いです。",
          "zh": "哥哥比爸爸高。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#yori",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "4ea43bebc3d6ac978fbc71c9236a75b866487f13faaed027d7e1b3529575a366"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "no-hou-ga-yori",
    "pattern": "〜の方が〜より",
    "reading": "〜のほうが〜より",
    "romaji": "no hou ga ... yori",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "X is more ... than Y",
    "formation": "Noun + の方が + Noun + より",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "犬の方が猫より好きです。",
        "furigana": "{犬|いぬ}の{方|ほう}が{猫|ねこ}より{好|す}きです。",
        "en": "I like dogs more than cats."
      },
      {
        "ja": "東京の方が大阪より人が多いです。",
        "furigana": "{東京|とうきょう}の{方|ほう}が{大阪|おおさか}より{人|ひと}が{多|おお}いです。",
        "en": "Tokyo has more people than Osaka."
      },
      {
        "ja": "夏より冬の方が好きです。",
        "furigana": "{夏|なつ}より{冬|ふゆ}の{方|ほう}が{好|す}きです。",
        "en": "I like winter better than summer."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "comparison"
    ],
    "notes": "The two parts can come in either order. Often used to answer a どちら question.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "67f2f125bfed541644a4879e1a888ad4178d1dc8c1f5f721cf84558bbfcd3ef5",
      "meanings": [
        "比……更……"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋の方が＋名词＋より",
      "explanation": "比较两者，表示前者在某方面更突出。",
      "notes": "两个部分的顺序可以互换，也常用来回答どちら的提问。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "犬の方が猫より好きです。",
          "zh": "比起猫，我更喜欢狗。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "東京の方が大阪より人が多いです。",
          "zh": "东京的人比大阪多。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "夏より冬の方が好きです。",
          "zh": "比起夏天，我更喜欢冬天。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#no-hou-ga-yori",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "6f2564fda01b1d27a17b46208b93f449785a6ce794b9da811432f73f22305a9c"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "to-to-dochira-ga",
    "pattern": "〜と〜とどちらが",
    "romaji": "to ... to dochira ga",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "which is more ..., X or Y?",
    "formation": "Noun + と + Noun + とどちらが",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "コーヒーと紅茶とどちらが好きですか。",
        "furigana": "コーヒーと{紅茶|こうちゃ}とどちらが{好|す}きですか。",
        "en": "Which do you like better, coffee or tea?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "電車とバスとどちらが安いですか。",
        "furigana": "{電車|でんしゃ}とバスとどちらが{安|やす}いですか。",
        "en": "Which is cheaper, the train or the bus?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "「山と海とどちらがいいですか。」「海の方がいいです。」",
        "furigana": "「{山|やま}と{海|うみ}とどちらがいいですか。」「{海|うみ}の{方|ほう}がいいです。」",
        "en": "\"Which is better, the mountains or the sea?\" \"The sea is better.\""
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "comparison",
      "question"
    ],
    "notes": "Compares exactly two things. どっち is the casual form of どちら. Answer with 〜の方が.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "32dd922bc20ad3909680b1dbe7d13f23d5aae0332ceb9e6b3d64a2786fca0030",
      "meanings": [
        "……和……哪个更……"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋と＋名词＋とどちらが",
      "explanation": "在两个对象之间询问比较结果。",
      "notes": "どっち是どちら的口语形式；可用〜の方が回答。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "コーヒーと紅茶とどちらが好きですか。",
          "zh": "咖啡和红茶，你更喜欢哪个？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "電車とバスとどちらが安いですか。",
          "zh": "电车和公共汽车哪个更便宜？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "「山と海とどちらがいいですか。」「海の方がいいです。」",
          "zh": "“山和海，你更喜欢哪个？”“我更喜欢海。”"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#to-to-dochira-ga",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "da2679d41420c902f9946c1e2c62e24935226908310375fbb0c98699bc821f8e"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "no-naka-de-ga-ichiban",
    "pattern": "〜の中で〜が一番",
    "reading": "〜のなかで〜がいちばん",
    "romaji": "no naka de ... ga ichiban",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "... is the most ... among/of",
    "formation": "Noun + の中で + Noun + が一番",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "果物の中でりんごが一番好きです。",
        "furigana": "{果物|くだもの}の{中|なか}でりんごが{一番|いちばん}{好|す}きです。",
        "en": "Of all fruits, I like apples the most."
      },
      {
        "ja": "クラスの中でだれが一番背が高いですか。",
        "furigana": "クラスの{中|なか}でだれが{一番|いちばん}{背|せ}が{高|たか}いですか。",
        "en": "Who is the tallest in the class?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "家族の中で父が一番早く起きます。",
        "furigana": "{家族|かぞく}の{中|なか}で{父|ちち}が{一番|いちばん}{早|はや}く{起|お}きます。",
        "en": "In my family, my father gets up the earliest."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "comparison",
      "range"
    ],
    "notes": "Used for three or more items. In questions use 何, だれ, どこ or いつ before が一番.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "ce5032219963233d9187f92aace6ebc295d75ee63e476e177808bd2091983767",
      "meanings": [
        "在……之中最……"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋の中で＋名词＋が一番",
      "explanation": "在某一范围内指出程度最高的对象。",
      "notes": "提问时可在が一番前用何、だれ、どこ等疑问词。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "果物の中でりんごが一番好きです。",
          "zh": "水果中我最喜欢苹果。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "クラスの中でだれが一番背が高いですか。",
          "zh": "班上谁最高？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "家族の中で父が一番早く起きます。",
          "zh": "家里爸爸起得最早。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#no-naka-de-ga-ichiban",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "9db8115eda507ac40583d697cf981c5a6ddfa814a351f23fce93a552c1b12b2e"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "desu",
    "pattern": "〜です",
    "romaji": "desu",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "is; am; are (polite copula)",
    "formation": "Noun + です / na-Adj + です / i-Adj + です",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "私はマリアです。",
        "furigana": "{私|わたし}はマリアです。",
        "en": "I'm Maria."
      },
      {
        "ja": "今日は月曜日です。",
        "furigana": "{今日|きょう}は{月曜日|げつようび}です。",
        "en": "Today is Monday."
      },
      {
        "ja": "この部屋はとても静かです。",
        "furigana": "この{部屋|へや}はとても{静|しず}かです。",
        "en": "This room is very quiet."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "copula",
      "politeness"
    ],
    "notes": "Forms: です, ではありません, でした, ではありませんでした. After an い-adjective, です only adds politeness: 高いです.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "f0d2922259bff9718654559672e4451a3757169df60d4fe76c8d9cd2151cd9cf",
      "meanings": [
        "是",
        "礼貌判断"
      ],
      "formation": "名词／な形容词／い形容词＋です",
      "explanation": "表示礼貌的判断或描述。",
      "notes": "接い形容词时，です主要增加礼貌程度；名词和な形容词的过去形式为でした，い形容词用〜かったです。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "私はマリアです。",
          "zh": "我是玛丽亚。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "今日は月曜日です。",
          "zh": "今天是星期一。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "この部屋はとても静かです。",
          "zh": "这个房间非常安静。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#desu",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "a47c54e1df2d3bcd88766eb6726f8b3326d419f6401a41d1e46b0ead02ce7a31"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "da",
    "pattern": "〜だ",
    "romaji": "da",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "is; am; are (plain copula)",
    "formation": "Noun + だ / na-Adj + だ",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "今日は日曜日だ。",
        "furigana": "{今日|きょう}は{日曜日|にちようび}だ。",
        "en": "Today is Sunday."
      },
      {
        "ja": "あの人は私の兄だ。",
        "furigana": "あの{人|ひと}は{私|わたし}の{兄|あに}だ。",
        "en": "That person is my older brother."
      },
      {
        "ja": "明日は休みだから、ゆっくり寝る。",
        "furigana": "{明日|あした}は{休|やす}みだから、ゆっくり{寝|ね}る。",
        "en": "Tomorrow is a day off, so I'll sleep in."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "copula",
      "casual"
    ],
    "notes": "Forms: だ, じゃない, だった, じゃなかった. Never used right after an い-adjective (高いだ is wrong). Often dropped in casual questions: 学生？",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "4036ce085cdeee76e3ba6c6c7f8d8d6b15537b4fe3b5a9f5638e9337fe22af6e",
      "meanings": [
        "是",
        "简体判断"
      ],
      "formation": "名词／な形容词＋だ",
      "explanation": "以简体表达判断或状态。",
      "notes": "い形容词后不能直接接だ；过去形式为だった。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "今日は日曜日だ。",
          "zh": "今天是星期日。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "あの人は私の兄だ。",
          "zh": "那个人是我哥哥。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "明日は休みだから、ゆっくり寝る。",
          "zh": "明天休息，所以我要睡个懒觉。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#da",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "57f42bf5d12c8954ca657dadbb09219d9bd7047c58c39c91903b94b7f1419420"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "de-wa-arimasen-ja-nai",
    "pattern": "〜ではありません / 〜じゃない",
    "romaji": "de wa arimasen / ja nai",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "is not; am not; are not",
    "formation": "Noun + ではありません / na-Adj + ではありません / Noun + じゃない / na-Adj + じゃない",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "私は先生ではありません。学生です。",
        "furigana": "{私|わたし}は{先生|せんせい}ではありません。{学生|がくせい}です。",
        "en": "I'm not a teacher. I'm a student."
      },
      {
        "ja": "今日は休みじゃない。",
        "furigana": "{今日|きょう}は{休|やす}みじゃない。",
        "en": "Today isn't a day off."
      },
      {
        "ja": "この町はあまりにぎやかではありません。",
        "furigana": "この{町|まち}はあまりにぎやかではありません。",
        "en": "This town isn't very lively."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "copula",
      "negation"
    ],
    "notes": "じゃありません and じゃないです are more conversational polite forms. Past: ではありませんでした / じゃなかった. い-adjectives use 〜くない instead.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "1aed7f3dcdd838ff8301b442a97318b4484d9cf70ad062563c0910a99d8700bd",
      "meanings": [
        "不是"
      ],
      "formation": "名词／な形容词＋ではありません／じゃない",
      "explanation": "以礼貌或简体形式否定名词和な形容词的判断。",
      "notes": "じゃない较口语；い形容词使用〜くない。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "私は先生ではありません。学生です。",
          "zh": "我不是老师，是学生。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "今日は休みじゃない。",
          "zh": "今天不是休息日。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "この町はあまりにぎやかではありません。",
          "zh": "这个小镇不太热闹。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#de-wa-arimasen-ja-nai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "511096eccfc4aa8b8497762450d8e434f3f2bcc0150aa0373fd823747e8cc3b2"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "deshita",
    "pattern": "〜でした",
    "romaji": "deshita",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "was; were (polite past copula)",
    "formation": "Noun + でした / na-Adj + でした",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "きのうは私の誕生日でした。",
        "furigana": "きのうは{私|わたし}の{誕生|たんじょう}{日|び}でした。",
        "en": "Yesterday was my birthday."
      },
      {
        "ja": "子どものころ、野菜がきらいでした。",
        "furigana": "{子|こ}どものころ、{野菜|やさい}がきらいでした。",
        "en": "When I was a child, I didn't like vegetables."
      },
      {
        "ja": "テストはかんたんでした。",
        "en": "The test was easy."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "copula",
      "tense",
      "politeness"
    ],
    "notes": "Past negative: ではありませんでした. い-adjectives do not take でした: say 高かったです, not 高いでした.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "ad108d37f6882c83ed4351c751ea32a55d8521a144d04e3c307d51d96079c831",
      "meanings": [
        "是……",
        "过去的状态"
      ],
      "formation": "名词／な形容词＋でした",
      "explanation": "礼貌地叙述过去的判断或状态。",
      "notes": "い形容词须用〜かったです，不能直接接でした。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "きのうは私の誕生日でした。",
          "zh": "昨天是我的生日。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "子どものころ、野菜がきらいでした。",
          "zh": "我小时候不喜欢蔬菜。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "テストはかんたんでした。",
          "zh": "考试很简单。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#deshita",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "654dc84d09093beb023380b682884e91a1f91bfb17fa3721d37a6c4ff0f5e0b3"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "masu",
    "pattern": "〜ます",
    "romaji": "masu",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "polite non-past verb ending (do; will do)",
    "formation": "Verb-stem + ます",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "毎朝コーヒーを飲みます。",
        "furigana": "{毎朝|まいあさ}コーヒーを{飲|の}みます。",
        "en": "I drink coffee every morning."
      },
      {
        "ja": "明日、京都へ行きます。",
        "furigana": "{明日|あした}、{京都|きょうと}へ{行|い}きます。",
        "en": "I'm going to Kyoto tomorrow."
      },
      {
        "ja": "弟は毎晩9時に寝ます。",
        "furigana": "{弟|おとうと}は{毎晩|まいばん}9{時|じ}に{寝|ね}ます。",
        "en": "My younger brother goes to bed at nine every night."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "conjugation",
      "politeness"
    ],
    "notes": "Covers habits and future actions. 飲む→飲みます, 食べる→食べます, する→します, 来る→来ます.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "3e7b6b0572eac5714b64963582a230fbfa2c66338f5b92d352e50c95cdcc91f4",
      "meanings": [
        "做",
        "将要做（礼貌体）"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ます形词干＋ます",
      "explanation": "礼貌地表示习惯性动作或将来的动作。",
      "notes": "如飲む变成飲みます，食べる变成食べます。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "毎朝コーヒーを飲みます。",
          "zh": "我每天早上喝咖啡。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "明日、京都へ行きます。",
          "zh": "我明天去京都。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "弟は毎晩9時に寝ます。",
          "zh": "弟弟每天晚上九点睡觉。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#masu",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "470200450ede1f9f7dcc5a91bc7820d366f0aaa82aaf3e567f10d7e055bc5692"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "masen",
    "pattern": "〜ません",
    "romaji": "masen",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "do not; will not (polite negative)",
    "formation": "Verb-stem + ません",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "私はお酒を飲みません。",
        "furigana": "{私|わたし}はお{酒|さけ}を{飲|の}みません。",
        "en": "I don't drink alcohol."
      },
      {
        "ja": "日曜日は学校へ行きません。",
        "furigana": "{日曜日|にちようび}は{学校|がっこう}へ{行|い}きません。",
        "en": "I don't go to school on Sundays."
      },
      {
        "ja": "今晩はテレビを見ません。",
        "furigana": "{今晩|こんばん}はテレビを{見|み}ません。",
        "en": "I won't watch TV tonight."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "conjugation",
      "negation",
      "politeness"
    ],
    "notes": "The plain equivalent is the ない-form: 飲みません = 飲まない.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "97d82958c4ab745fdabcb9df43215ef92391f2345283b5be271c43d3f7c3ada3",
      "meanings": [
        "不做",
        "不会做（礼貌体）"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ます形词干＋ません",
      "explanation": "礼貌地否定现在习惯或将来动作。",
      "notes": "相应的简体是否定的ない形。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "私はお酒を飲みません。",
          "zh": "我不喝酒。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "日曜日は学校へ行きません。",
          "zh": "星期天我不去学校。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "今晩はテレビを見ません。",
          "zh": "今晚我不看电视。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#masen",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "47465b89499bdd9cf4c6b94832a94d81ab1217b1ac789cd032d55dca71f47f0f"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "mashita",
    "pattern": "〜ました",
    "romaji": "mashita",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "did (polite past)",
    "formation": "Verb-stem + ました",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "きのう、友達に会いました。",
        "furigana": "きのう、{友達|ともだち}に{会|あ}いました。",
        "en": "I met a friend yesterday."
      },
      {
        "ja": "先週、新しいくつを買いました。",
        "furigana": "{先週|せんしゅう}、{新|あたら}しいくつを{買|か}いました。",
        "en": "I bought new shoes last week."
      },
      {
        "ja": "けさ、6時に起きました。",
        "furigana": "けさ、6{時|じ}に{起|お}きました。",
        "en": "I got up at six this morning."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "conjugation",
      "tense",
      "politeness"
    ],
    "notes": "The plain equivalent is the た-form: 会いました = 会った.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "de04959db41a2ef9f59cc236032cf50cc9b3fa83f7ba463f560ca4ccb7b42aab",
      "meanings": [
        "做了（礼貌体）"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ます形词干＋ました",
      "explanation": "礼貌地叙述过去的动作。",
      "notes": "相应的简体是动词た形。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "きのう、友達に会いました。",
          "zh": "昨天我见了朋友。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "先週、新しいくつを買いました。",
          "zh": "上周我买了新鞋。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "けさ、6時に起きました。",
          "zh": "今天早上我六点起床。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#mashita",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "782e7edf1c723383dcc830e9420e03119ca95df96c28e89b2076aebda103b46f"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "masen-deshita",
    "pattern": "〜ませんでした",
    "romaji": "masen deshita",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "did not (polite past negative)",
    "formation": "Verb-stem + ませんでした",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "けさは朝ご飯を食べませんでした。",
        "furigana": "けさは{朝|あさ}ご{飯|はん}を{食|た}べませんでした。",
        "en": "I didn't eat breakfast this morning."
      },
      {
        "ja": "週末は宿題をしませんでした。",
        "furigana": "{週末|しゅうまつ}は{宿題|しゅくだい}をしませんでした。",
        "en": "I didn't do my homework over the weekend."
      },
      {
        "ja": "きのうは雨でしたから、出かけませんでした。",
        "furigana": "きのうは{雨|あめ}でしたから、{出|で}かけませんでした。",
        "en": "It rained yesterday, so I didn't go out."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "conjugation",
      "tense",
      "negation"
    ],
    "notes": "The plain equivalent is 〜なかった: 食べませんでした = 食べなかった.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "1b46e0af60435066b5877b81a8d56206d23c701a45e6db0603fedfc4c91d57c2",
      "meanings": [
        "没有做（礼貌体）"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ます形词干＋ませんでした",
      "explanation": "礼貌地否定过去的动作。",
      "notes": "相应的简体是〜なかった。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "けさは朝ご飯を食べませんでした。",
          "zh": "今天早上我没吃早饭。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "週末は宿題をしませんでした。",
          "zh": "周末我没有做作业。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "きのうは雨でしたから、出かけませんでした。",
          "zh": "昨天因为下雨，我没有出门。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#masen-deshita",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "7619acdb1d2dcc1be6b9959a521e0f978cf4a422aee1c0b2a0ebeeff65b9ef66"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "nai",
    "pattern": "〜ない",
    "romaji": "nai",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "do not; will not (plain negative of verbs)",
    "formation": "Verb-nai stem + ない",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "今日は学校へ行かない。",
        "furigana": "{今日|きょう}は{学校|がっこう}へ{行|い}かない。",
        "en": "I'm not going to school today."
      },
      {
        "ja": "兄は肉を食べない。",
        "furigana": "{兄|あに}は{肉|にく}を{食|た}べない。",
        "en": "My older brother doesn't eat meat."
      },
      {
        "ja": "「コーヒー、飲む？」「ううん、飲まない。」",
        "furigana": "「コーヒー、{飲|の}む？」「ううん、{飲|の}まない。」",
        "en": "\"Are you having coffee?\" \"No, I'm not.\""
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "conjugation",
      "negation",
      "casual"
    ],
    "notes": "う-verbs change the last -u sound to -a: 書く→書かない, 買う→買わない. る-verbs drop る: 食べない. する→しない, 来る→こない, ある→ない. Past: 〜なかった.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "582defd5e8515c86b1e49cf0dd7b6624083419751d1c4dad3fa8e3090dba5ce3",
      "meanings": [
        "不做",
        "不会做（简体）"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ない形",
      "explanation": "以简体否定动作或习惯。",
      "notes": "五段动词按词尾变化，一段动词去る后接ない；する变しない。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "今日は学校へ行かない。",
          "zh": "今天不去学校。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "兄は肉を食べない。",
          "zh": "哥哥不吃肉。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "「コーヒー、飲む？」「ううん、飲まない。」",
          "zh": "“喝咖啡吗？”“不，不喝。”"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#nai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "7c1ca008f7dc120f67db01001a0e2f533916a9f5b55d91b3ac5533a4d29aa93a"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ta",
    "pattern": "〜た",
    "romaji": "ta",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "did (plain past of verbs)",
    "formation": "Verb-ta",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "週末は家で映画を見た。",
        "furigana": "{週末|しゅうまつ}は{家|いえ}で{映画|えいが}を{見|み}た。",
        "en": "I watched a movie at home over the weekend."
      },
      {
        "ja": "駅で先生に会った。",
        "furigana": "{駅|えき}で{先生|せんせい}に{会|あ}った。",
        "en": "I ran into my teacher at the station."
      },
      {
        "ja": "「昼ご飯、食べた？」「うん、もう食べた。」",
        "furigana": "「{昼|ひる}ご{飯|はん}、{食|た}べた？」「うん、もう{食|た}べた。」",
        "en": "\"Did you eat lunch?\" \"Yeah, I already ate.\""
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "conjugation",
      "tense",
      "casual"
    ],
    "notes": "Made exactly like the て-form, with て→た and で→だ: 書いて→書いた, 飲んで→飲んだ, 行って→行った. Polite equivalent: 〜ました.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "0641ba55fa5ec537d874484b35f386b1903b59086a6b5142c686a23191842078",
      "meanings": [
        "做了（简体）"
      ],
      "formation": "动词た形",
      "explanation": "以简体叙述过去的动作。",
      "notes": "变化与て形相对应：て变た，で变だ。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "週末は家で映画を見た。",
          "zh": "周末我在家看了电影。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "駅で先生に会った。",
          "zh": "我在车站遇到了老师。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "「昼ご飯、食べた？」「うん、もう食べた。」",
          "zh": "“吃午饭了吗？”“嗯，已经吃了。”"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#ta",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "4797a88ead4e6e2126b05b77cb4d647436e034efe0ec4f157a1bfaafad0f230d"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "mashou",
    "pattern": "〜ましょう",
    "romaji": "mashou",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "let's (do)",
    "formation": "Verb-stem + ましょう",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "いっしょに行きましょう。",
        "furigana": "いっしょに{行|い}きましょう。",
        "en": "Let's go together."
      },
      {
        "ja": "少し休みましょう。",
        "furigana": "{少|すこ}し{休|やす}みましょう。",
        "en": "Let's take a short break."
      },
      {
        "ja": "駅の前で会いましょう。",
        "furigana": "{駅|えき}の{前|まえ}で{会|あ}いましょう。",
        "en": "Let's meet in front of the station."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "invitation",
      "suggestion"
    ],
    "notes": "Used when the speaker expects the listener to agree. To invite more gently, use 〜ませんか.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "231a50c5738e2b16965dc80d1810f9b292c27b0d44eb05037414c934c0e6174e",
      "meanings": [
        "一起……吧"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ます形词干＋ましょう",
      "explanation": "礼貌地提出一起做某事的建议。",
      "notes": "较委婉的邀请可用〜ませんか。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "いっしょに行きましょう。",
          "zh": "一起去吧。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "少し休みましょう。",
          "zh": "稍微休息一下吧。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "駅の前で会いましょう。",
          "zh": "在车站前见面吧。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#mashou",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "d934ec9cae23ef6319e4ba07441d40af13dceb27ec3454f06b2235c1dce5561f"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "mashou-ka",
    "pattern": "〜ましょうか",
    "romaji": "mashou ka",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "shall I ...?; shall we ...?",
    "formation": "Verb-stem + ましょうか",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "窓を開けましょうか。",
        "furigana": "{窓|まど}を{開|あ}けましょうか。",
        "en": "Shall I open the window?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "荷物を持ちましょうか。",
        "furigana": "{荷物|にもつ}を{持|も}ちましょうか。",
        "en": "Shall I carry your bags?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "何時に会いましょうか。",
        "furigana": "{何|なん}{時|じ}に{会|あ}いましょうか。",
        "en": "What time shall we meet?"
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "suggestion",
      "invitation"
    ],
    "notes": "Offers to do something for the listener (shall I?) or asks them to decide something together (shall we?).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "bf79ebcad31c8abf43c09e8f59ea4b07ff26218e655fb6af8d2634f878e92c33",
      "meanings": [
        "我来……好吗",
        "我们……好吗"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ます形词干＋ましょうか",
      "explanation": "提出替对方做某事，或询问共同决定。",
      "notes": "根据语境可表示“我来”或“我们”。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "窓を開けましょうか。",
          "zh": "我来开窗好吗？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "荷物を持ちましょうか。",
          "zh": "我帮你拿行李好吗？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "何時に会いましょうか。",
          "zh": "我们几点见面呢？"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#mashou-ka",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "88517b0a45e010acfd1deb0c1c57e553a045271666c7368433f2132cb7c070da"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "masen-ka",
    "pattern": "〜ませんか",
    "romaji": "masen ka",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "won't you ...?; would you like to ...? (polite invitation)",
    "formation": "Verb-stem + ませんか",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "いっしょに昼ご飯を食べませんか。",
        "furigana": "いっしょに{昼|ひる}ご{飯|はん}を{食|た}べませんか。",
        "en": "Would you like to have lunch together?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "日曜日にテニスをしませんか。",
        "furigana": "{日曜日|にちようび}にテニスをしませんか。",
        "en": "Would you like to play tennis on Sunday?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "明日、公園を散歩しませんか。",
        "furigana": "{明日|あした}、{公園|こうえん}を{散歩|さんぽ}しませんか。",
        "en": "How about a walk in the park tomorrow?"
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "invitation"
    ],
    "notes": "Gentler than 〜ましょう because it leaves the listener room to decline. Accept with ええ、〜ましょう.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "4a469d8d778e702560b6d9c2c015b7a6a49a32ff864f450f85b49bf752075830",
      "meanings": [
        "要不要……",
        "一起……好吗"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ます形词干＋ませんか",
      "explanation": "礼貌而委婉地邀请对方做某事。",
      "notes": "比直接用ましょう更留有拒绝的余地。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "いっしょに昼ご飯を食べませんか。",
          "zh": "一起吃午饭好吗？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "日曜日にテニスをしませんか。",
          "zh": "星期天一起打网球好吗？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "明日、公園を散歩しませんか。",
          "zh": "明天去公园散步好吗？"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#masen-ka",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "a6597d3bc27d42a094e96b2586bd637d162e90a7931047fbf609676ab78ad53a"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "tai",
    "pattern": "〜たい",
    "romaji": "tai",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "want to (do)",
    "formation": "Verb-stem + たい",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "夏休みに沖縄へ行きたいです。",
        "furigana": "{夏休|なつやす}みに{沖縄|おきなわ}へ{行|い}きたいです。",
        "en": "I want to go to Okinawa during summer vacation."
      },
      {
        "ja": "冷たい水が飲みたいです。",
        "furigana": "{冷|つめ}たい{水|みず}が{飲|の}みたいです。",
        "en": "I want to drink some cold water."
      },
      {
        "ja": "何が食べたいですか。",
        "furigana": "{何|なに}が{食|た}べたいですか。",
        "en": "What do you want to eat?"
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "desire"
    ],
    "notes": "Conjugates like an い-adjective: 〜たくない, 〜たかった. The object can take が or を. Not used to state another person's wishes directly.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "57359b90f186c75da38af964d525153100b55d397f7eaaa6a804a0fb0d1eef46",
      "meanings": [
        "想要做"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ます形词干＋たい",
      "explanation": "表示说话人的愿望，也用于询问对方的愿望。",
      "notes": "像い形容词一样变形；动作对象可用が或を。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "夏休みに沖縄へ行きたいです。",
          "zh": "暑假我想去冲绳。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "冷たい水が飲みたいです。",
          "zh": "我想喝凉水。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "何が食べたいですか。",
          "zh": "你想吃什么？"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#tai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "471e91f61de8230ef3e5fc235508581b3bf5f9083737a9d4d5ee6b790362bedd"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ga-hoshii",
    "pattern": "〜がほしい",
    "romaji": "ga hoshii",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "want (something)",
    "formation": "Noun + がほしい",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "新しいパソコンがほしいです。",
        "furigana": "{新|あたら}しいパソコンがほしいです。",
        "en": "I want a new computer."
      },
      {
        "ja": "誕生日に何がほしいですか。",
        "furigana": "{誕生|たんじょう}{日|び}に{何|なに}がほしいですか。",
        "en": "What do you want for your birthday?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "今は何もほしくないです。",
        "furigana": "{今|いま}は{何|なに}もほしくないです。",
        "en": "I don't want anything right now."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "desire"
    ],
    "notes": "For things, not actions (actions use 〜たい). Conjugates like an い-adjective: ほしくない, ほしかった.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "9c1debec079d9c9cb50e1fd6dd5383bc860a9810d1ae9dfcc0fc5bca1a7f44c8",
      "meanings": [
        "想要（某物）"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋がほしい",
      "explanation": "表示想得到某物的愿望。",
      "notes": "表示想做某事时用〜たい；ほしい按い形容词变形。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "新しいパソコンがほしいです。",
          "zh": "我想要一台新电脑。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "誕生日に何がほしいですか。",
          "zh": "你生日想要什么？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "今は何もほしくないです。",
          "zh": "我现在什么也不想要。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#ga-hoshii",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "6672a7c9b65201426329f2c612a81d88a3bc1594555d5d6056caade552b77f99"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "o-kudasai",
    "pattern": "〜をください",
    "romaji": "o kudasai",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "please give me (something); I'll have",
    "formation": "Noun + をください",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "すみません、水をください。",
        "furigana": "すみません、{水|みず}をください。",
        "en": "Excuse me, could I have some water?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "このりんごを三つください。",
        "furigana": "このりんごを{三|みっ}つください。",
        "en": "I'll take three of these apples, please."
      },
      {
        "ja": "メニューをください。",
        "en": "Could I have the menu, please?"
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "request"
    ],
    "notes": "Used when shopping or ordering. A quantity goes after を with no particle: 切手を二枚ください.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "de6d6a81c3f47a5e312d35904b03d72bbd98d6fb1b84eb628692d9cb5bff7318",
      "meanings": [
        "请给我……"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋をください",
      "explanation": "请求对方给自己某物，常用于购物或点餐。",
      "notes": "数量词可放在を之后，如切手を二枚ください。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "すみません、水をください。",
          "zh": "不好意思，请给我水。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "このりんごを三つください。",
          "zh": "请给我三个这样的苹果。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "メニューをください。",
          "zh": "请给我菜单。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#o-kudasai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "ebd48ef641f586bcc00fefa73bea9a8edb687db1bc82515b0e24fdaf423c5ca2"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "te-kudasai",
    "pattern": "〜てください",
    "romaji": "te kudasai",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "please (do)",
    "formation": "Verb-te + ください",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "もう少しゆっくり話してください。",
        "furigana": "もう{少|すこ}しゆっくり{話|はな}してください。",
        "en": "Please speak a little more slowly."
      },
      {
        "ja": "ここでくつをぬいでください。",
        "en": "Please take off your shoes here."
      },
      {
        "ja": "すみません、駅までの道を教えてください。",
        "furigana": "すみません、{駅|えき}までの{道|みち}を{教|おし}えてください。",
        "en": "Excuse me, could you tell me the way to the station?"
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "request",
      "politeness"
    ],
    "notes": "Polite, but still an instruction the speaker expects to be followed. Softer requests use 〜てくれませんか (N4).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "e0f915661b44a04e9cffa4a657d3b689475ace8c611fcaf20e7e0888cff441cb",
      "meanings": [
        "请做……"
      ],
      "formation": "动词て形＋ください",
      "explanation": "礼貌地请求或指示对方做某事。",
      "notes": "更委婉的请求可用〜てくれませんか。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "もう少しゆっくり話してください。",
          "zh": "请再说慢一点。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "ここでくつをぬいでください。",
          "zh": "请在这里脱鞋。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "すみません、駅までの道を教えてください。",
          "zh": "不好意思，请告诉我去车站的路。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#te-kudasai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "e8083e428a0774a80985345b4c594e8ef104412938f09ed98132411a96098367"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "naide-kudasai",
    "pattern": "〜ないでください",
    "romaji": "naide kudasai",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "please don't (do)",
    "formation": "Verb-nai + でください",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "教室で食べないでください。",
        "furigana": "{教室|きょうしつ}で{食|た}べないでください。",
        "en": "Please don't eat in the classroom."
      },
      {
        "ja": "この部屋に入らないでください。",
        "furigana": "この{部屋|へや}に{入|はい}らないでください。",
        "en": "Please don't go into this room."
      },
      {
        "ja": "心配しないでください。",
        "furigana": "{心配|しんぱい}しないでください。",
        "en": "Please don't worry."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "request",
      "prohibition"
    ],
    "notes": "Softer than 〜てはいけません. In casual speech ください is dropped: 見ないで.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "c7d6530b4006ead583adfab43d422e2242ab4b3f0c042ab90697b23e499d26d9",
      "meanings": [
        "请不要做……"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ない形＋でください",
      "explanation": "礼貌地请求对方不要做某事。",
      "notes": "口语中可以省去ください。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "教室で食べないでください。",
          "zh": "请不要在教室里吃东西。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "この部屋に入らないでください。",
          "zh": "请不要进入这个房间。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "心配しないでください。",
          "zh": "请不要担心。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#naide-kudasai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "432dcc53fad6064fd6f9a37673cd7627702da238ae9e27953cc6ad0022e07c0a"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "te-mo-ii",
    "pattern": "〜てもいい",
    "romaji": "te mo ii",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "may; it's okay to",
    "formation": "Verb-te + もいい",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "この辞書を使ってもいいですか。",
        "furigana": "この{辞書|じしょ}を{使|つか}ってもいいですか。",
        "en": "May I use this dictionary?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "今日は早く帰ってもいいです。",
        "furigana": "{今日|きょう}は{早|はや}く{帰|かえ}ってもいいです。",
        "en": "You may go home early today."
      },
      {
        "ja": "ここにすわってもいいですか。",
        "en": "Is it all right if I sit here?"
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "permission"
    ],
    "notes": "Add ですか to ask for permission. A polite refusal is often just すみません、ちょっと….",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "75871b8f7e4a654445d15f239fba437432be34a2fd07d6733b23f3cbb3f578a0",
      "meanings": [
        "可以做……"
      ],
      "formation": "动词て形＋もいい",
      "explanation": "表示允许做某事，或用问句请求许可。",
      "notes": "加ですか可询问是否允许。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "この辞書を使ってもいいですか。",
          "zh": "我可以使用这本词典吗？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "今日は早く帰ってもいいです。",
          "zh": "今天你可以早点回家。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "ここにすわってもいいですか。",
          "zh": "我可以坐在这里吗？"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#te-mo-ii",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "ec8ac5cba91a26da2d634fbf12483863752726bff11c754e431c66403a27a04a"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "te-wa-ikenai",
    "pattern": "〜てはいけない",
    "romaji": "te wa ikenai",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "must not; may not",
    "formation": "Verb-te + はいけない",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "図書館で大きい声で話してはいけません。",
        "furigana": "{図書館|としょかん}で{大|おお}きい{声|こえ}で{話|はな}してはいけません。",
        "en": "You must not talk loudly in the library."
      },
      {
        "ja": "子どもはこの川で泳いではいけません。",
        "furigana": "{子|こ}どもはこの{川|かわ}で{泳|およ}いではいけません。",
        "en": "Children must not swim in this river."
      },
      {
        "ja": "ここでたばこを吸ってはいけません。",
        "furigana": "ここでたばこを{吸|す}ってはいけません。",
        "en": "You must not smoke here."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "prohibition"
    ],
    "notes": "A strong prohibition, often for rules. Polite form: 〜てはいけません. Casual contraction: 〜ちゃいけない / 〜じゃいけない.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "028d4564b12b2d32c40aaf1907dbaf286b4d711c391d2c4c3bf82ca96f0c9f37",
      "meanings": [
        "不可以做",
        "禁止"
      ],
      "formation": "动词て形＋はいけない",
      "explanation": "表示禁止做某事，常用于规则。",
      "notes": "礼貌形式为〜てはいけません，口语可缩为〜ちゃいけない等。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "図書館で大きい声で話してはいけません。",
          "zh": "不可以在图书馆大声说话。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "子どもはこの川で泳いではいけません。",
          "zh": "孩子不可以在这条河里游泳。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "ここでたばこを吸ってはいけません。",
          "zh": "这里禁止吸烟。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#te-wa-ikenai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "ac754e8eff4a6c480befdc6f2e5e5fdf3d480fcac8dc19b3065800a8743f5148"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "nakereba-naranai-nakute-wa-ikenai",
    "pattern": "〜なければならない / 〜なくてはいけない",
    "romaji": "nakereba naranai / nakute wa ikenai",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "must; have to",
    "formation": "Verb-nai stem + なければならない / Verb-nai stem + なくてはいけない",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "明日は6時に起きなければなりません。",
        "furigana": "{明日|あした}は6{時|じ}に{起|お}きなければなりません。",
        "en": "I have to get up at six tomorrow."
      },
      {
        "ja": "今日は早く家に帰らなくてはいけません。",
        "furigana": "{今日|きょう}は{早|はや}く{家|いえ}に{帰|かえ}らなくてはいけません。",
        "en": "I have to go home early today."
      },
      {
        "ja": "日本では、家に入る前にくつをぬがなければなりません。",
        "furigana": "{日本|にほん}では、{家|いえ}に{入|はい}る{前|まえ}にくつをぬがなければなりません。",
        "en": "In Japan, you have to take off your shoes before going into a house."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "obligation"
    ],
    "notes": "Polite forms end in なりません / いけません. The two mean the same; なければならない sounds slightly more formal.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "78422bdd33ce4118495e63b70dccf4a0de297b59d5f771c9e1306dc1980d79ac",
      "meanings": [
        "必须做",
        "不得不做"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ない形去ない＋なければならない／なくてはいけない",
      "explanation": "表示必须做某事或有义务做某事。",
      "notes": "礼貌形式可用なりません或いけません。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "明日は6時に起きなければなりません。",
          "zh": "明天必须六点起床。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "今日は早く家に帰らなくてはいけません。",
          "zh": "今天我必须早点回家。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "日本では、家に入る前にくつをぬがなければなりません。",
          "zh": "在日本，进屋前必须脱鞋。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#nakereba-naranai-nakute-wa-ikenai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "e0ef66c3ed2f003d764c5a375146ac309d48e4749cc51a086dcb40e7b0e9c379"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "nakute-mo-ii",
    "pattern": "〜なくてもいい",
    "romaji": "nakute mo ii",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "don't have to; need not",
    "formation": "Verb-nai stem + なくてもいい",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "明日は学校へ来なくてもいいです。",
        "furigana": "{明日|あした}は{学校|がっこう}へ{来|こ}なくてもいいです。",
        "en": "You don't have to come to school tomorrow."
      },
      {
        "ja": "名前は書かなくてもいいです。",
        "furigana": "{名前|なまえ}は{書|か}かなくてもいいです。",
        "en": "You don't need to write your name."
      },
      {
        "ja": "今日は料理をしなくてもいいですよ。",
        "furigana": "{今日|きょう}は{料理|りょうり}をしなくてもいいですよ。",
        "en": "You don't have to cook today."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "necessity",
      "permission"
    ],
    "notes": "The opposite of 〜なければならない. Ask with 〜なくてもいいですか (Is it all right if I don't ...?).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "66b5618a198ef8607ffc3378afe2ece600072aca79c8b71b604b859a0d088e6f",
      "meanings": [
        "不必做"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ない形去ない＋なくてもいい",
      "explanation": "表示不做某事也可以，没有必要做。",
      "notes": "用〜なくてもいいですか可询问不做是否可以。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "明日は学校へ来なくてもいいです。",
          "zh": "明天你不必来学校。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "名前は書かなくてもいいです。",
          "zh": "不必写名字。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "今日は料理をしなくてもいいですよ。",
          "zh": "今天你不用做饭哦。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#nakute-mo-ii",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "3e11292ecc7afd50a702e7d367cd55730394edebe7a46e596e64438704326ff3"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "te-iru",
    "pattern": "〜ている",
    "romaji": "te iru",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "be doing (ongoing action); be in a state (result of a change); do regularly",
    "formation": "Verb-te + いる",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "弟は今、部屋でゲームをしています。",
        "furigana": "{弟|おとうと}は{今|いま}、{部屋|へや}でゲームをしています。",
        "en": "My younger brother is playing a game in his room now."
      },
      {
        "ja": "姉は結婚しています。",
        "furigana": "{姉|あね}は{結婚|けっこん}しています。",
        "en": "My older sister is married."
      },
      {
        "ja": "窓が開いています。",
        "furigana": "{窓|まど}が{開|あ}いています。",
        "en": "The window is open."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "state"
    ],
    "notes": "With action verbs (食べる, 読む) it shows an action in progress; with change verbs (結婚する, 開く, 知る) it shows the resulting state. Polite: 〜ています.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "bc74ada668467bd64cd3afa878eda7b0699abb511b42daa652b93a3909857bb6",
      "meanings": [
        "正在做",
        "处于某状态",
        "经常做"
      ],
      "formation": "动词て形＋いる",
      "explanation": "表示动作进行、动作结果持续的状态或习惯。",
      "notes": "具体含义取决于动词及语境；礼貌形式为〜ています。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "弟は今、部屋でゲームをしています。",
          "zh": "弟弟现在正在房间里玩游戏。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "姉は結婚しています。",
          "zh": "姐姐已婚。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "窓が開いています。",
          "zh": "窗户开着。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#te-iru",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "f56853784c69c74fbcbcf16ec33f20067c530990123ae1c27207d72f157e6674"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "te",
    "pattern": "〜て",
    "romaji": "te",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "and; and then (linking actions in order)",
    "formation": "Verb-te + Sentence",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "朝起きて、顔を洗います。",
        "furigana": "{朝|あさ}{起|お}きて、{顔|かお}を{洗|あら}います。",
        "en": "I get up in the morning and wash my face."
      },
      {
        "ja": "デパートへ行って、セーターを買いました。",
        "furigana": "デパートへ{行|い}って、セーターを{買|か}いました。",
        "en": "I went to the department store and bought a sweater."
      },
      {
        "ja": "家に帰って、晩ご飯を食べて、寝ました。",
        "furigana": "{家|いえ}に{帰|かえ}って、{晩|ばん}ご{飯|はん}を{食|た}べて、{寝|ね}ました。",
        "en": "I went home, ate dinner and went to bed."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "sequence"
    ],
    "notes": "The final verb sets the tense for the whole sentence. 書く→書いて, 飲む→飲んで, 話す→話して, 買う→買って, 行く→行って (irregular).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "cfa33e1dc7651eb701165e3b25b0faa20bb235012f621370654b304face1714b",
      "meanings": [
        "接续动作",
        "然后"
      ],
      "formation": "动词て形＋后续句子",
      "explanation": "连接动作，常表示动作依次发生。",
      "notes": "整个句子的时态通常由最后的谓语决定。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "朝起きて、顔を洗います。",
          "zh": "早上起床后洗脸。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "デパートへ行って、セーターを買いました。",
          "zh": "我去了百货商店，买了毛衣。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "家に帰って、晩ご飯を食べて、寝ました。",
          "zh": "我回到家，吃了晚饭，然后睡觉。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#te",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "607782e33be5c63b4d1a6b63062d362e0f0b7e3c25981104f71ae41a1c2b286d"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "te-kara",
    "pattern": "〜てから",
    "romaji": "te kara",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "after doing; (do A) and then (B); since",
    "formation": "Verb-te + から",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "手を洗ってから、ご飯を食べましょう。",
        "furigana": "{手|て}を{洗|あら}ってから、ご{飯|はん}を{食|た}べましょう。",
        "en": "Let's wash our hands and then eat."
      },
      {
        "ja": "宿題をしてから、テレビを見ます。",
        "furigana": "{宿題|しゅくだい}をしてから、テレビを{見|み}ます。",
        "en": "I'll watch TV after I do my homework."
      },
      {
        "ja": "日本に来てから、毎日日本語を勉強しています。",
        "furigana": "{日本|にほん}に{来|き}てから、{毎日|まいにち}{日本語|にほんご}を{勉強|べんきょう}しています。",
        "en": "Since coming to Japan, I've been studying Japanese every day."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "sequence",
      "time"
    ],
    "notes": "Stresses that A is finished before B starts, more clearly than a plain て. With ている in the main clause it often means 'since'.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "4a395141ae7fd105ee0b04ea5f812e09f0f9caa6d54b9dd8022160f719aad7a7",
      "meanings": [
        "做完之后",
        "自从"
      ],
      "formation": "动词て形＋から",
      "explanation": "表示前项完成后再做后项，也可表示自某事以来。",
      "notes": "比单独使用て更强调先后关系。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "手を洗ってから、ご飯を食べましょう。",
          "zh": "洗手后吃饭吧。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "宿題をしてから、テレビを見ます。",
          "zh": "做完作业后我看电视。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "日本に来てから、毎日日本語を勉強しています。",
          "zh": "自从来到日本，我每天都在学习日语。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#te-kara",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "6343cb6697b02a842ef7cb14a1ae7396d8b20a93d45b1942a7f117bbd18ea15d"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "tari-tari-suru",
    "pattern": "〜たり〜たりする",
    "romaji": "tari ... tari suru",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "do things like A and B; sometimes A, sometimes B",
    "formation": "Verb-ta + り + Verb-ta + りする",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "日曜日はそうじをしたり、洗濯をしたりします。",
        "furigana": "{日曜日|にちようび}はそうじをしたり、{洗濯|せんたく}をしたりします。",
        "en": "On Sundays I do things like cleaning and laundry."
      },
      {
        "ja": "休みの日は本を読んだり、音楽を聞いたりします。",
        "furigana": "{休|やす}みの{日|ひ}は{本|ほん}を{読|よ}んだり、{音楽|おんがく}を{聞|き}いたりします。",
        "en": "On my days off I read books, listen to music and so on."
      },
      {
        "ja": "夏休みは海で泳いだり、山に登ったりしました。",
        "furigana": "{夏休|なつやす}みは{海|うみ}で{泳|およ}いだり、{山|やま}に{登|のぼ}ったりしました。",
        "en": "During summer vacation I swam in the sea, climbed mountains and so on."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "example"
    ],
    "notes": "Picks out a few actions from many. Tense and politeness go on the final する: 〜たりしました.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "988a461d70cb1325ae2283ae5c85458f7233584ed5e1f51befe88d51037e4ab1",
      "meanings": [
        "做……啦……之类"
      ],
      "formation": "动词た形＋り＋动词た形＋りする",
      "explanation": "列举多个具有代表性的动作，不表示穷尽。",
      "notes": "时态和礼貌程度体现在句末的する上。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "日曜日はそうじをしたり、洗濯をしたりします。",
          "zh": "星期天我做做清扫、洗洗衣服之类。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "休みの日は本を読んだり、音楽を聞いたりします。",
          "zh": "休息日我看看书、听听音乐之类。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "夏休みは海で泳いだり、山に登ったりしました。",
          "zh": "暑假我在海里游泳、爬山等等。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#tari-tari-suru",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "197766c1d84fb43d19f7f8bd936d1eed4b0f7849911bc086e283410989ab1a2f"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ta-koto-ga-aru",
    "pattern": "〜たことがある",
    "romaji": "ta koto ga aru",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "have (ever) done; have the experience of doing",
    "formation": "Verb-ta + ことがある",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "富士山に登ったことがあります。",
        "furigana": "{富士山|ふじさん}に{登|のぼ}ったことがあります。",
        "en": "I have climbed Mt. Fuji."
      },
      {
        "ja": "日本の映画を見たことがありますか。",
        "furigana": "{日本|にほん}の{映画|えいが}を{見|み}たことがありますか。",
        "en": "Have you ever seen a Japanese movie?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "私は馬に乗ったことがありません。",
        "furigana": "{私|わたし}は{馬|うま}に{乗|の}ったことがありません。",
        "en": "I have never ridden a horse."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "experience"
    ],
    "notes": "Talks about life experience, not something just done: きのう食べたことがある is wrong. Negative 〜たことがありません means 'have never'.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "c008c7c241cc44766325f80974e3500677b592b23238d998f4b6a4bfba7e5c6f",
      "meanings": [
        "曾经做过",
        "有过经历"
      ],
      "formation": "动词た形＋ことがある",
      "explanation": "表示过去有过某种经历。",
      "notes": "否定形式〜たことがない表示从未有过该经历。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "富士山に登ったことがあります。",
          "zh": "我爬过富士山。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "日本の映画を見たことがありますか。",
          "zh": "你看过日本电影吗？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "私は馬に乗ったことがありません。",
          "zh": "我从来没有骑过马。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#ta-koto-ga-aru",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "98cc0409db42982ebf1f86bc70ef95019ff057e77385e8235d6ef00dbfe0dd5d"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "mae-ni",
    "pattern": "〜前に",
    "reading": "〜まえに",
    "romaji": "mae ni",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "before (doing); before (an event); ago",
    "formation": "Verb-dict + 前に / Noun + の + 前に",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "寝る前に歯をみがきます。",
        "furigana": "{寝|ね}る{前|まえ}に{歯|は}をみがきます。",
        "en": "I brush my teeth before going to bed."
      },
      {
        "ja": "授業の前にコーヒーを飲みます。",
        "furigana": "{授業|じゅぎょう}の{前|まえ}にコーヒーを{飲|の}みます。",
        "en": "I drink coffee before class."
      },
      {
        "ja": "3年前に日本へ来ました。",
        "furigana": "3{年|ねん}{前|まえ}に{日本|にほん}へ{来|き}ました。",
        "en": "I came to Japan three years ago."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "time",
      "sequence"
    ],
    "notes": "The verb before 前に is always in dictionary form, even when talking about the past. With a length of time there is no の: 3年前に (three years ago).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "dc013b813bda1a6c168643bfa747f248b3d4780b686b5ecb30508d4e09346c59",
      "meanings": [
        "在……之前",
        "以前"
      ],
      "formation": "动词辞书形＋前に／名词＋の前に／时间长度＋前に",
      "explanation": "表示动作或事件发生之前，也可接时间长度表示多久以前。",
      "notes": "即使主句是过去时，动词前接形式仍用辞书形。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "寝る前に歯をみがきます。",
          "zh": "我睡觉前刷牙。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "授業の前にコーヒーを飲みます。",
          "zh": "上课前我喝咖啡。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "3年前に日本へ来ました。",
          "zh": "我三年前来到日本。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#mae-ni",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "96775e177240e8610a864febcee177a34f4d86630166f5be4d3f5fddf3f954ea"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ato-de",
    "pattern": "〜後で",
    "reading": "〜あとで",
    "romaji": "ato de",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "after (doing); after (an event)",
    "formation": "Verb-ta + 後で / Noun + の + 後で",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "晩ご飯を食べた後で、散歩をします。",
        "furigana": "{晩|ばん}ご{飯|はん}を{食|た}べた{後|あと}で、{散歩|さんぽ}をします。",
        "en": "I take a walk after eating dinner."
      },
      {
        "ja": "仕事の後で、いっしょに飲みに行きませんか。",
        "furigana": "{仕事|しごと}の{後|あと}で、いっしょに{飲|の}みに{行|い}きませんか。",
        "en": "Would you like to go for a drink after work?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "テストが終わった後で、友達と遊びました。",
        "furigana": "テストが{終|お}わった{後|あと}で、{友達|ともだち}と{遊|あそ}びました。",
        "en": "After the test was over, I hung out with friends."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "time",
      "sequence"
    ],
    "notes": "The verb before 後で is always in た-form, even for future plans. On its own, 後で means 'later'.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "6ea06d462f5e531a94d35dec9137d1c1b75eec365d5c5c6e13a61d3f046c9b0b",
      "meanings": [
        "在……之后"
      ],
      "formation": "动词た形＋後で／名词＋の後で",
      "explanation": "表示在某个动作或事件之后。",
      "notes": "即使表示未来，接後で的动词也用た形。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "晩ご飯を食べた後で、散歩をします。",
          "zh": "吃过晚饭后我去散步。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "仕事の後で、いっしょに飲みに行きませんか。",
          "zh": "下班后一起去喝一杯好吗？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "テストが終わった後で、友達と遊びました。",
          "zh": "考试结束后，我和朋友玩了。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#ato-de",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "25a36e808d1b485b70a8bbd863cb57c8f8cbcb6825ffa96a82cee31603660403"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "nagara",
    "pattern": "〜ながら（while）",
    "romaji": "nagara",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "while (doing two actions at the same time)",
    "formation": "Verb-stem + ながら",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "音楽を聞きながら勉強します。",
        "furigana": "{音楽|おんがく}を{聞|き}きながら{勉強|べんきょう}します。",
        "en": "I study while listening to music."
      },
      {
        "ja": "父はいつも新聞を読みながら朝ご飯を食べます。",
        "furigana": "{父|ちち}はいつも{新聞|しんぶん}を{読|よ}みながら{朝|あさ}ご{飯|はん}を{食|た}べます。",
        "en": "My father always eats breakfast while reading the newspaper."
      },
      {
        "ja": "コーヒーを飲みながら話しましょう。",
        "furigana": "コーヒーを{飲|の}みながら{話|はな}しましょう。",
        "en": "Let's talk over coffee."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "simultaneity"
    ],
    "notes": "Both actions are done by the same person. The main action comes last: in A-ながら B, B is the main activity.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "88688ab9b2380659839954a1aa46efb712c10342f8de9f867e6b73f72fd990d6",
      "meanings": [
        "一边……一边……"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ます形词干＋ながら",
      "explanation": "表示同一主体同时进行两个动作。",
      "notes": "主要动作通常放在ながら之后。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "音楽を聞きながら勉強します。",
          "zh": "我一边听音乐一边学习。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "父はいつも新聞を読みながら朝ご飯を食べます。",
          "zh": "爸爸总是一边看报纸一边吃早饭。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "コーヒーを飲みながら話しましょう。",
          "zh": "我们边喝咖啡边聊吧。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#nagara",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "fb01771ca46b0859904adb4a2d574eeb680bed5249663f2a1f262d6116dd2398"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ni-iku",
    "pattern": "〜に行く",
    "reading": "〜にいく",
    "romaji": "ni iku",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "go (somewhere) to do",
    "formation": "Verb-stem + に行く / Noun + に行く",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "デパートへ服を買いに行きます。",
        "furigana": "デパートへ{服|ふく}を{買|か}いに{行|い}きます。",
        "en": "I'm going to the department store to buy clothes."
      },
      {
        "ja": "週末、海へ泳ぎに行きました。",
        "furigana": "{週末|しゅうまつ}、{海|うみ}へ{泳|およ}ぎに{行|い}きました。",
        "en": "I went to the beach to swim on the weekend."
      },
      {
        "ja": "友達がうちへ遊びに来ました。",
        "furigana": "{友達|ともだち}がうちへ{遊|あそ}びに{来|き}ました。",
        "en": "A friend came over to my place to hang out."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "purpose"
    ],
    "notes": "来る and 帰る work the same way: 遊びに来る. With する-nouns the noun can come directly: 買い物に行く, 散歩に行く.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "ae6da6b8173016e5e3c71ac9c3bced69c49e221a54ef7eb13445db405d2496d3",
      "meanings": [
        "去做……"
      ],
      "formation": "动词ます形词干／表示动作的名词＋に行く",
      "explanation": "表示前往某处做某事的目的。",
      "notes": "也可用来る、帰る，如遊びに来る。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "デパートへ服を買いに行きます。",
          "zh": "我去百货商店买衣服。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "週末、海へ泳ぎに行きました。",
          "zh": "周末我去海边游泳了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "友達がうちへ遊びに来ました。",
          "zh": "朋友来我家玩了。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#ni-iku",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "09a609c580bcc7ee70c041c82dd034b361d57049198fdbbc4b9797424afb5736"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ga-suki-ga-kirai",
    "pattern": "〜が好き / 〜が嫌い",
    "reading": "〜がすき / 〜がきらい",
    "romaji": "ga suki / ga kirai",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "like; dislike",
    "formation": "Noun + が好き / Noun + が嫌い / Verb-dict + の + が好き",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "私は甘いものが好きです。",
        "furigana": "{私|わたし}は{甘|あま}いものが{好|す}きです。",
        "en": "I like sweet things."
      },
      {
        "ja": "弟は野菜が嫌いです。",
        "furigana": "{弟|おとうと}は{野菜|やさい}が{嫌|きら}いです。",
        "en": "My younger brother doesn't like vegetables."
      },
      {
        "ja": "母は料理をするのが好きです。",
        "furigana": "{母|はは}は{料理|りょうり}をするのが{好|す}きです。",
        "en": "My mother likes cooking."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "emotion"
    ],
    "notes": "好き and 嫌い are な-adjectives, so the thing liked takes が, not を. 大好き and 大嫌い are stronger. 嫌い can sound blunt; あまり好きじゃない is softer.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "b892aed9e9b84c892e886039777f4ccd65181ca27c2dc54cb4f52db6ad99d586",
      "meanings": [
        "喜欢",
        "讨厌"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋が好き／が嫌い；动词辞书形＋のが好き",
      "explanation": "表示喜欢或讨厌某物，也可通过の将动作名词化。",
      "notes": "大好き和大嫌い语气更强；あまり好きじゃない较委婉。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "私は甘いものが好きです。",
          "zh": "我喜欢甜食。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "弟は野菜が嫌いです。",
          "zh": "弟弟不喜欢蔬菜。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "母は料理をするのが好きです。",
          "zh": "妈妈喜欢做饭。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#ga-suki-ga-kirai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "790c1b91dd1afc94df1c45bfb842c91034d2751c707b1449f68672ae22052e5a"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ga-jouzu-ga-heta",
    "pattern": "〜が上手 / 〜が下手",
    "reading": "〜がじょうず / 〜がへた",
    "romaji": "ga jouzu / ga heta",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "good at; bad at",
    "formation": "Noun + が上手 / Noun + が下手",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "姉はピアノが上手です。",
        "furigana": "{姉|あね}はピアノが{上手|じょうず}です。",
        "en": "My older sister is good at the piano."
      },
      {
        "ja": "私は歌が下手です。",
        "furigana": "{私|わたし}は{歌|うた}が{下手|へた}です。",
        "en": "I'm bad at singing."
      },
      {
        "ja": "マイクさんは日本語が上手ですね。",
        "furigana": "マイクさんは{日本語|にほんご}が{上手|じょうず}ですね。",
        "en": "Mike, your Japanese is really good."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "ability"
    ],
    "notes": "Mostly used about other people; calling yourself 上手 can sound like bragging. Both are な-adjectives: 料理が上手な人.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "7f0d99f60e9ee396d320bdd612051decd5dec7205c76864833ee3030658c486a",
      "meanings": [
        "擅长",
        "不擅长"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋が上手／が下手",
      "explanation": "表示在某项技能方面擅长或不擅长。",
      "notes": "上手和下手是な形容词；称自己上手可能显得自夸。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "姉はピアノが上手です。",
          "zh": "姐姐擅长弹钢琴。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "私は歌が下手です。",
          "zh": "我不擅长唱歌。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "マイクさんは日本語が上手ですね。",
          "zh": "迈克，你日语说得真好。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#ga-jouzu-ga-heta",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "3b0133311b9323cae9ca15e2283691b30e75627c874a73faccff3093c81e9900"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ga-aru-ga-iru",
    "pattern": "〜がある / 〜がいる",
    "romaji": "ga aru / ga iru",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "there is; there are; have (ある for things, いる for people and animals)",
    "formation": "Noun + がある / Noun + がいる",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "公園に大きい木があります。",
        "furigana": "{公園|こうえん}に{大|おお}きい{木|き}があります。",
        "en": "There is a big tree in the park."
      },
      {
        "ja": "私は妹が一人います。",
        "furigana": "{私|わたし}は{妹|いもうと}が{一人|ひとり}います。",
        "en": "I have one younger sister."
      },
      {
        "ja": "明日、日本語のテストがあります。",
        "furigana": "{明日|あした}、{日本語|にほんご}のテストがあります。",
        "en": "There's a Japanese test tomorrow."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "state"
    ],
    "notes": "ある is for things, plants and events; いる is for people and animals. Negatives: ない / いない (polite: ありません / いません).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "124d81de83a9acf1049129b8b81866b704ebdceabac7f8d3769966803ba3ac71",
      "meanings": [
        "有",
        "存在"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋がある／がいる",
      "explanation": "表示某物或某人存在，也可表示拥有。",
      "notes": "ある用于物品、植物和事件；いる用于人和动物。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "公園に大きい木があります。",
          "zh": "公园里有一棵大树。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "私は妹が一人います。",
          "zh": "我有一个妹妹。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "明日、日本語のテストがあります。",
          "zh": "明天有日语考试。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#ga-aru-ga-iru",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "1f7f71e28118f5d74a594c35d21d225f73bc86fd58dca07a605d27d17fc2bbe0"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "kara-reason",
    "pattern": "〜から（reason）",
    "romaji": "kara (reason)",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "because; since; so",
    "formation": "Sentence + から",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "今日は寒いから、コートを着ます。",
        "furigana": "{今日|きょう}は{寒|さむ}いから、コートを{着|き}ます。",
        "en": "It's cold today, so I'll wear a coat."
      },
      {
        "ja": "時間がありませんから、タクシーで行きましょう。",
        "furigana": "{時間|じかん}がありませんから、タクシーで{行|い}きましょう。",
        "en": "We don't have time, so let's take a taxi."
      },
      {
        "ja": "「どうして休みましたか。」「頭が痛かったからです。」",
        "furigana": "「どうして{休|やす}みましたか。」「{頭|あたま}が{痛|いた}かったからです。」",
        "en": "\"Why were you absent?\" \"Because I had a headache.\""
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "reason"
    ],
    "notes": "The reason comes first: A から B (A, so B). Answer どうして with 〜からです. Nouns and な-adjectives need だ: 雨だから.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "86aeda48e733f22f44d45307153535b16702f1b811f9036d6a2e8399687575a0",
      "meanings": [
        "因为",
        "所以"
      ],
      "formation": "句子＋から",
      "explanation": "表示原因，后项给出由此产生的结果或决定。",
      "notes": "名词／な形容词词干＋だから，如学生だから、静かだから。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "今日は寒いから、コートを着ます。",
          "zh": "今天冷，所以我要穿外套。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "時間がありませんから、タクシーで行きましょう。",
          "zh": "没时间了，我们坐出租车去吧。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "「どうして休みましたか。」「頭が痛かったからです。」",
          "zh": "“为什么请假了？”“因为头疼。”"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#kara-reason",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "ba89422b8814175f4489e49ec29b9a4feb60b045fb1dba7239a41688900abfd1"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ga-but",
    "pattern": "〜が（but）",
    "romaji": "ga (but)",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "but; although",
    "formation": "Sentence + が",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "この店は安いですが、あまりおいしくないです。",
        "furigana": "この{店|みせ}は{安|やす}いですが、あまりおいしくないです。",
        "en": "This restaurant is cheap, but the food isn't very good."
      },
      {
        "ja": "日本語は難しいですが、おもしろいです。",
        "furigana": "{日本語|にほんご}は{難|むずか}しいですが、おもしろいです。",
        "en": "Japanese is difficult, but interesting."
      },
      {
        "ja": "すみませんが、ちょっと静かにしてください。",
        "furigana": "すみませんが、ちょっと{静|しず}かにしてください。",
        "en": "Excuse me, but please be a little quieter."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "contrast",
      "particle"
    ],
    "notes": "Also used just to soften a request or lead into a topic: すみませんが…. A little more formal than けど (N4).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "e49dc57a568bbc944f62196c185ed6ab654eea305d763800977f45ee4c8388e8",
      "meanings": [
        "但是",
        "虽然"
      ],
      "formation": "句子＋が",
      "explanation": "连接前后内容，表示转折，也可用作委婉引入。",
      "notes": "相比けど较正式；すみませんが常用于引出请求。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "この店は安いですが、あまりおいしくないです。",
          "zh": "这家店便宜，但是不太好吃。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "日本語は難しいですが、おもしろいです。",
          "zh": "日语很难，但很有趣。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "すみませんが、ちょっと静かにしてください。",
          "zh": "不好意思，请稍微安静一点。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#ga-but",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "c2d7c21106ce1c575db410c357a6b636cab4a1fa741e2c2d0f6f3ccb5b5e57e8"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "deshou",
    "pattern": "〜でしょう",
    "romaji": "deshou",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "probably; I think; ..., right?",
    "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj / na-Adj / Noun + でしょう",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "明日は雨が降るでしょう。",
        "furigana": "{明日|あした}は{雨|あめ}が{降|ふ}るでしょう。",
        "en": "It will probably rain tomorrow."
      },
      {
        "ja": "山の上は寒いでしょう。",
        "furigana": "{山|やま}の{上|うえ}は{寒|さむ}いでしょう。",
        "en": "It's probably cold at the top of the mountain."
      },
      {
        "ja": "このかばん、かわいいでしょう？",
        "en": "This bag is cute, isn't it?"
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "conjecture"
    ],
    "notes": "Typical of weather forecasts. Said with rising intonation, it asks the listener to agree. Plain form: だろう (N4).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "703d49b424f5a9998c40991aa64ce7191ae986fce3d990e091c3fefc352664c3",
      "meanings": [
        "大概",
        "……吧"
      ],
      "formation": "动词普通形／い形容词普通形／な形容词词干／名词＋でしょう",
      "explanation": "表示推测，也可用升调寻求对方认同。",
      "notes": "天气预报中常用；简体形式为だろう。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "明日は雨が降るでしょう。",
          "zh": "明天大概会下雨。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "山の上は寒いでしょう。",
          "zh": "山上大概很冷吧。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "このかばん、かわいいでしょう？",
          "zh": "这个包很可爱吧？"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#deshou",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "ed4d4122ee0534fd054c2f9f285314e1428abed5330fe7c37040e6d443f76e7f"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ku-naru-ni-naru",
    "pattern": "〜くなる / 〜になる",
    "romaji": "ku naru / ni naru",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "become; get; turn",
    "formation": "i-Adj-ku + なる / na-Adj + になる / Noun + になる",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "あたたかくなりましたね。",
        "en": "It's gotten warmer, hasn't it?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "部屋がきれいになりました。",
        "furigana": "{部屋|へや}がきれいになりました。",
        "en": "The room has become clean."
      },
      {
        "ja": "兄は来年、医者になります。",
        "furigana": "{兄|あに}は{来年|らいねん}、{医者|いしゃ}になります。",
        "en": "My older brother will become a doctor next year."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "change"
    ],
    "notes": "いい becomes よくなる. Often used in the past to describe a change that has happened: 大きくなりました.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "d7965aaa1823dfeef2197ecd087784cf2120a873cfcfa894fc0e4156f209a9c2",
      "meanings": [
        "变得",
        "成为"
      ],
      "formation": "い形容词词干＋くなる／な形容词或名词＋になる",
      "explanation": "表示状态发生变化或成为某种身份。",
      "notes": "いい的变化形式为よくなる。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "あたたかくなりましたね。",
          "zh": "天气变暖了呢。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "部屋がきれいになりました。",
          "zh": "房间变干净了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "兄は来年、医者になります。",
          "zh": "哥哥明年要成为医生。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#ku-naru-ni-naru",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "333be75648ff9e6bd1d1eb1ff41333ac0579ee3da50846523fc6ff28cc70db1d"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ni-suru",
    "pattern": "〜にする（decide）",
    "romaji": "ni suru",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "decide on; choose; I'll have",
    "formation": "Noun + にする",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "私はカレーにします。",
        "furigana": "{私|わたし}はカレーにします。",
        "en": "I'll have the curry."
      },
      {
        "ja": "飲み物は何にしますか。",
        "furigana": "{飲|の}み{物|もの}は{何|なに}にしますか。",
        "en": "What would you like to drink?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "旅行は来月にしましょう。",
        "furigana": "{旅行|りょこう}は{来月|らいげつ}にしましょう。",
        "en": "Let's plan the trip for next month."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "decision"
    ],
    "notes": "Common when ordering food or picking from options. Past: 〜にしました (I decided on ...).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "bf4a83ee8e939af4a021e1c5f4779d3d8e9c233875c56a1172506dca618bdecf",
      "meanings": [
        "决定选",
        "要"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋にする",
      "explanation": "从选项中作出决定，常用于点餐。",
      "notes": "过去形式にしました表示已经选定。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "私はカレーにします。",
          "zh": "我要咖喱。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "飲み物は何にしますか。",
          "zh": "饮料你要什么？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "旅行は来月にしましょう。",
          "zh": "旅行就定在下个月吧。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#ni-suru",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "41a10d66545770e963019895cc37823a03aa796d85711f81b28c6ab2f93b4b8b"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "mada-te-inai",
    "pattern": "まだ〜ていない",
    "romaji": "mada ... te inai",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "not yet (have done)",
    "formation": "まだ + Verb-te + いない / まだ + Verb-te + いません",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "まだ昼ご飯を食べていません。",
        "furigana": "まだ{昼|ひる}ご{飯|はん}を{食|た}べていません。",
        "en": "I haven't eaten lunch yet."
      },
      {
        "ja": "「宿題はもうしましたか。」「いいえ、まだしていません。」",
        "furigana": "「{宿題|しゅくだい}はもうしましたか。」「いいえ、まだしていません。」",
        "en": "\"Have you done your homework yet?\" \"No, not yet.\""
      },
      {
        "ja": "電車はまだ来ていません。",
        "furigana": "{電車|でんしゃ}はまだ{来|き}ていません。",
        "en": "The train hasn't come yet."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "negation",
      "completion"
    ],
    "notes": "Use ていない, not ませんでした, for something that may still happen. The short answer is いいえ、まだです.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "d39fcadbb591a9c2da1ee9262a7d9e58050d9d513416fb20a811a76f0d6acd95",
      "meanings": [
        "还没有做"
      ],
      "formation": "まだ＋动词て形＋いない／いません",
      "explanation": "表示截至目前某事尚未发生或完成。",
      "notes": "简短回答可用いいえ、まだです。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "まだ昼ご飯を食べていません。",
          "zh": "我还没有吃午饭。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "「宿題はもうしましたか。」「いいえ、まだしていません。」",
          "zh": "“作业已经做了吗？”“不，还没做。”"
        },
        {
          "ja": "電車はまだ来ていません。",
          "zh": "电车还没有来。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#mada-te-inai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "61ed0f03e1b20ee3708f63f9b6493f0e33a3bcb6efddc3956c2715d4987b0ce6"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "mou-ta",
    "pattern": "もう〜た",
    "romaji": "mou ... ta",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "already (have done); (in questions) yet",
    "formation": "もう + Verb-ta / もう + Verb-stem + ました",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "「もう晩ご飯を食べましたか。」「はい、もう食べました。」",
        "furigana": "「もう{晩|ばん}ご{飯|はん}を{食|た}べましたか。」「はい、もう{食|た}べました。」",
        "en": "\"Have you eaten dinner yet?\" \"Yes, I already have.\""
      },
      {
        "ja": "妹はもう寝ました。",
        "furigana": "{妹|いもうと}はもう{寝|ね}ました。",
        "en": "My younger sister has already gone to bed."
      },
      {
        "ja": "映画はもう始まりましたよ。",
        "furigana": "{映画|えいが}はもう{始|はじ}まりましたよ。",
        "en": "The movie has already started."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "completion",
      "time"
    ],
    "notes": "In questions もう means 'yet'. With a negative verb, もう means 'no longer': もう食べません.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "835ba0018ca45891046bb5f20a2136fc4edfd8ea38a407d4a7d1535f3ae76189",
      "meanings": [
        "已经做了",
        "是否已经做了"
      ],
      "formation": "もう＋动词た形／动词ます形词干＋ました",
      "explanation": "表示动作已经完成；用于问句时询问是否已经完成。",
      "notes": "もう与否定形式搭配时可表示“不再”。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "「もう晩ご飯を食べましたか。」「はい、もう食べました。」",
          "zh": "“已经吃晚饭了吗？”“嗯，已经吃了。”"
        },
        {
          "ja": "妹はもう寝ました。",
          "zh": "妹妹已经睡了。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "映画はもう始まりましたよ。",
          "zh": "电影已经开始了哦。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#mou-ta",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "ccab5df76a5dde65154c101126c4cb24b0598cccda93911bfaa0526aeeb8e53c"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "amari-nai",
    "pattern": "あまり〜ない",
    "romaji": "amari ... nai",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "not very; not much; not often",
    "formation": "あまり + Verb-nai / あまり + i-Adj-ku + ない / あまり + na-Adj + じゃない",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "私はあまりテレビを見ません。",
        "furigana": "{私|わたし}はあまりテレビを{見|み}ません。",
        "en": "I don't watch much TV."
      },
      {
        "ja": "このりんごはあまり甘くないです。",
        "furigana": "このりんごはあまり{甘|あま}くないです。",
        "en": "This apple isn't very sweet."
      },
      {
        "ja": "今日はあまり忙しくありません。",
        "furigana": "{今日|きょう}はあまり{忙|いそが}しくありません。",
        "en": "I'm not very busy today."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "negation",
      "degree"
    ],
    "notes": "Always followed by a negative form. あまり好きじゃない is a softer way to say you dislike something.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "3afb4a46feba69a30fb9817464745cf161f8088576f8693228515f9f9d0829f9",
      "meanings": [
        "不太",
        "不怎么"
      ],
      "formation": "あまり＋动词或形容词否定形",
      "explanation": "表示程度或频率不高。",
      "notes": "常与否定形式搭配；あまり好きじゃない可委婉表达不喜欢。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "私はあまりテレビを見ません。",
          "zh": "我不太看电视。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "このりんごはあまり甘くないです。",
          "zh": "这个苹果不太甜。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "今日はあまり忙しくありません。",
          "zh": "我今天不太忙。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#amari-nai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "d5f29c5d948b5a243591431a7c3b7f85669e31ba6074f4cf60cb6e24df3389be"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "zenzen-nai",
    "pattern": "全然〜ない",
    "reading": "ぜんぜん〜ない",
    "romaji": "zenzen ... nai",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "not at all; not in the least",
    "formation": "全然 + Verb-nai / 全然 + i-Adj-ku + ない / 全然 + na-Adj + じゃない",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "この問題は全然わかりません。",
        "furigana": "この{問題|もんだい}は{全然|ぜんぜん}わかりません。",
        "en": "I don't understand this question at all."
      },
      {
        "ja": "今日は全然寒くないです。",
        "furigana": "{今日|きょう}は{全然|ぜんぜん}{寒|さむ}くないです。",
        "en": "It's not cold at all today."
      },
      {
        "ja": "弟は全然勉強しません。",
        "furigana": "{弟|おとうと}は{全然|ぜんぜん}{勉強|べんきょう}しません。",
        "en": "My younger brother doesn't study at all."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "negation",
      "degree"
    ],
    "notes": "Stronger than あまり〜ない. In casual speech 全然 is sometimes used with positive words (全然大丈夫), but with a negative is the standard use.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "e788ec20f5ed955c7556a1aebadad29c529df4a75cc5acabfeba91ea815bbc0d",
      "meanings": [
        "完全不",
        "一点也不"
      ],
      "formation": "全然＋动词或形容词否定形",
      "explanation": "强调完全没有某种状态或行为。",
      "notes": "口语中全然也可与肯定表达搭配，但此处介绍否定用法。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "この問題は全然わかりません。",
          "zh": "这道题我完全不懂。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "今日は全然寒くないです。",
          "zh": "今天一点也不冷。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "弟は全然勉強しません。",
          "zh": "弟弟完全不学习。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#zenzen-nai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "f51654f54976e3afe282e5f9e581065b0c2600d3b38bb214139230e1b3dd7a20"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "dake",
    "pattern": "〜だけ",
    "romaji": "dake",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "only; just",
    "formation": "Noun + だけ / Verb-dict + だけ",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "財布に100円だけあります。",
        "furigana": "{財布|さいふ}に100{円|えん}だけあります。",
        "en": "I only have 100 yen in my wallet."
      },
      {
        "ja": "朝はコーヒーだけ飲みます。",
        "furigana": "{朝|あさ}はコーヒーだけ{飲|の}みます。",
        "en": "In the morning I only have coffee."
      },
      {
        "ja": "日曜日だけ休みです。",
        "furigana": "{日曜日|にちようび}だけ{休|やす}みです。",
        "en": "Sunday is my only day off."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "limitation"
    ],
    "notes": "Neutral in tone. Compare しか〜ない (N4), which stresses that the amount is small.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "ced8384b6b356f08d557173060f6713731e68f4b97a4ca8c1ac487260dea91a7",
      "meanings": [
        "只",
        "仅仅"
      ],
      "formation": "名词／动词辞书形＋だけ",
      "explanation": "限定数量、范围或动作，表示只有这些。",
      "notes": "语气通常中性；しか〜ない常突出数量不足。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "財布に100円だけあります。",
          "zh": "钱包里只有一百日元。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "朝はコーヒーだけ飲みます。",
          "zh": "早上我只喝咖啡。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "日曜日だけ休みです。",
          "zh": "我只有星期天休息。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#dake",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "611546dd2af02a3a25f31add183f4126b8d2121395c13293c1d50d47480faf1f"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "kurai-gurai",
    "pattern": "〜くらい / 〜ぐらい（approximately）",
    "romaji": "kurai / gurai",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "about; approximately (an amount or length of time)",
    "formation": "Noun + くらい / Noun + ぐらい",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "駅まで歩いて10分ぐらいです。",
        "furigana": "{駅|えき}まで{歩|ある}いて10{分|ぷん}ぐらいです。",
        "en": "It's about a ten-minute walk to the station."
      },
      {
        "ja": "毎日2時間くらい勉強します。",
        "furigana": "{毎日|まいにち}2{時間|じかん}くらい{勉強|べんきょう}します。",
        "en": "I study for about two hours every day."
      },
      {
        "ja": "このかばんは5000円ぐらいでした。",
        "furigana": "このかばんは5000{円|えん}ぐらいでした。",
        "en": "This bag was about 5,000 yen."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "quantity",
      "degree"
    ],
    "notes": "Used with amounts and durations. For a point in time (around three o'clock), use ごろ: 3時ごろ.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "b2afa84de0ca3e9c57f9fb02fdd252fd39a6a01b7e88e47d41b7871a9621f10b",
      "meanings": [
        "大约",
        "左右"
      ],
      "formation": "数量或时长＋くらい／ぐらい",
      "explanation": "表示数量或持续时间的大致程度。",
      "notes": "具体时刻附近通常用ごろ。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "駅まで歩いて10分ぐらいです。",
          "zh": "走到车站大约十分钟。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "毎日2時間くらい勉強します。",
          "zh": "我每天学习大约两小时。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "このかばんは5000円ぐらいでした。",
          "zh": "这个包大约五千日元。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#kurai-gurai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "231846123c890bb30881a7ed8b78e5b058b1a55688a35f4416e3347fe906fd7b"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "goro",
    "pattern": "〜ごろ",
    "romaji": "goro",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "around; about (a point in time)",
    "formation": "Noun + ごろ",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "毎晩11時ごろ寝ます。",
        "furigana": "{毎晩|まいばん}11{時|じ}ごろ{寝|ね}ます。",
        "en": "I go to bed around eleven every night."
      },
      {
        "ja": "4月ごろ、桜が咲きます。",
        "furigana": "4{月|がつ}ごろ、{桜|さくら}が{咲|さ}きます。",
        "en": "The cherry blossoms bloom around April."
      },
      {
        "ja": "夕方6時ごろに家に帰ります。",
        "furigana": "{夕方|ゆうがた}6{時|じ}ごろに{家|いえ}に{帰|かえ}ります。",
        "en": "I get home around six in the evening."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "time"
    ],
    "notes": "Attaches to clock times, dates and months. に after ごろ is optional: 7時ごろ(に)起きます.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "345ddd0351dbb67f14f5b2c1f51f3bc91f0e52321404b73e4488b42bdb6a7b12",
      "meanings": [
        "大约",
        "……前后"
      ],
      "formation": "时刻、日期等＋ごろ",
      "explanation": "表示某个时间点的前后。",
      "notes": "ごろ之后的に可以省略。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "毎晩11時ごろ寝ます。",
          "zh": "我每天晚上十一点左右睡觉。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "4月ごろ、桜が咲きます。",
          "zh": "樱花大约在四月开放。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "夕方6時ごろに家に帰ります。",
          "zh": "我傍晚六点左右回家。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#goro",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "f2c21a12ff3d0dda874a476905055dfe1af43f00f065d94bf18e350ca2852e5e"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "nani-mo-nai-dare-mo-nai",
    "pattern": "何も〜ない / 誰も〜ない",
    "reading": "なにも〜ない / だれも〜ない",
    "romaji": "nani mo ... nai / dare mo ... nai",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "nothing; nobody; not anything; not anyone",
    "formation": "何も + Verb-nai / 誰も + Verb-nai",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "けさは何も食べませんでした。",
        "furigana": "けさは{何|なに}も{食|た}べませんでした。",
        "en": "I didn't eat anything this morning."
      },
      {
        "ja": "教室にはだれもいません。",
        "furigana": "{教室|きょうしつ}にはだれもいません。",
        "en": "There's nobody in the classroom."
      },
      {
        "ja": "冷蔵庫の中には何もありません。",
        "furigana": "{冷蔵庫|れいぞうこ}の{中|なか}には{何|なに}もありません。",
        "en": "There's nothing in the fridge."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "negation"
    ],
    "notes": "With places, a particle comes before も: どこにも / どこへも行きません (go nowhere). 誰 is often written in hiragana: だれ.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "1f839db6c700cf628826a1dc03cf1f55480258ed02652e1188b8be691a0d00ce",
      "meanings": [
        "什么也不",
        "谁也不"
      ],
      "formation": "何も／誰も＋否定形",
      "explanation": "与否定形式呼应，表示没有任何事物或人。",
      "notes": "表示地点时助词放在も前面，如どこにも。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "けさは何も食べませんでした。",
          "zh": "今天早上我什么也没吃。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "教室にはだれもいません。",
          "zh": "教室里一个人也没有。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "冷蔵庫の中には何もありません。",
          "zh": "冰箱里什么也没有。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#nani-mo-nai-dare-mo-nai",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "d13e36d30f5e15dfcb52a81ae53e35e67b13e4dfe1e65fe91da9137d4a505c80"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "nani-ka-dare-ka-doko-ka",
    "pattern": "何か / 誰か / どこか",
    "reading": "なにか / だれか / どこか",
    "romaji": "nani ka / dare ka / doko ka",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "something; someone; somewhere",
    "formation": "Question word + か",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "何か飲みますか。",
        "furigana": "{何|なに}か{飲|の}みますか。",
        "en": "Would you like something to drink?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "だれか来ましたよ。",
        "furigana": "だれか{来|き}ましたよ。",
        "en": "Someone's here."
      },
      {
        "ja": "夏休みにどこかへ行きましたか。",
        "furigana": "{夏休|なつやす}みにどこかへ{行|い}きましたか。",
        "en": "Did you go anywhere during summer vacation?"
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "question"
    ],
    "notes": "Question word + か gives 'some-' words; question word + も + negative gives 'no-' words. が and を after 何か / だれか are often dropped.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "fc58f50d352960d2effb30e300641f420e21d21bf3a124a5efc3b89a1f8d5f1e",
      "meanings": [
        "某物",
        "某人",
        "某处"
      ],
      "formation": "疑问词＋か",
      "explanation": "表示不特定的事物、人或地点。",
      "notes": "何か、誰か后面的が或を有时省略。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "何か飲みますか。",
          "zh": "要喝点什么吗？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "だれか来ましたよ。",
          "zh": "有人来了哦。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "夏休みにどこかへ行きましたか。",
          "zh": "暑假你去什么地方了吗？"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#nani-ka-dare-ka-doko-ka",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "82711b148fef98452f87ecdc47dd5dad404354aefddc9321b9b869fb7616ad5f"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "kore-sore-are-dore",
    "pattern": "これ / それ / あれ / どれ",
    "romaji": "kore / sore / are / dore",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "this one; that one (near you); that one (over there); which one",
    "formation": "これ / それ / あれ / どれ",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "これは私の辞書です。",
        "furigana": "これは{私|わたし}の{辞書|じしょ}です。",
        "en": "This is my dictionary."
      },
      {
        "ja": "それは何ですか。",
        "furigana": "それは{何|なに}ですか。",
        "en": "What is that?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "「あなたのかさはどれですか。」「あれです。」",
        "en": "\"Which one is your umbrella?\" \"That one over there.\""
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "demonstrative"
    ],
    "notes": "こ = near the speaker, そ = near the listener, あ = away from both, ど = question. They stand alone; as a subject どれ takes が, not は.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "a987f27b6e83d76357c1a8b7d7157d9a1dbac83a39e844d4d2e7dde5973e6048",
      "meanings": [
        "这个",
        "那个",
        "哪个"
      ],
      "formation": "これ／それ／あれ／どれ",
      "explanation": "单独指代事物，并按距离或疑问区分。",
      "notes": "こ指近说话人，そ指近听话人，あ指远离双方，ど用于疑问。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "これは私の辞書です。",
          "zh": "这是我的词典。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "それは何ですか。",
          "zh": "那是什么？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "「あなたのかさはどれですか。」「あれです。」",
          "zh": "“你的伞是哪一把？”“是那边那把。”"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#kore-sore-are-dore",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "1d1ebc93a2869fcfec2eb5ecb1b5c15d13a3104c145a680b67f1ba890594d32e"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "kono-sono-ano-dono",
    "pattern": "この / その / あの / どの",
    "romaji": "kono / sono / ano / dono",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "this; that (near you); that ... over there; which (before a noun)",
    "formation": "この / その / あの / どの + Noun",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "このケーキはおいしいです。",
        "en": "This cake is delicious."
      },
      {
        "ja": "その本はだれのですか。",
        "furigana": "その{本|ほん}はだれのですか。",
        "en": "Whose book is that?"
      },
      {
        "ja": "「どの人が先生ですか。」「あの人です。」",
        "furigana": "「どの{人|ひと}が{先生|せんせい}ですか。」「あの{人|ひと}です。」",
        "en": "\"Which person is the teacher?\" \"That person over there.\""
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "demonstrative"
    ],
    "notes": "Always followed by a noun: この本, never この alone. これ / それ / あれ / どれ are used when there is no noun.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "74ef3d9ee2944920a9af08d5b2f39abd0dbffe128b8bcccafa26ef77f86c7655",
      "meanings": [
        "这个",
        "那个",
        "哪个"
      ],
      "formation": "この／その／あの／どの＋名词",
      "explanation": "放在名词前，指示或询问某个对象。",
      "notes": "这些词必须接名词；单独指代时用これ等。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "このケーキはおいしいです。",
          "zh": "这块蛋糕很好吃。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "その本はだれのですか。",
          "zh": "那本书是谁的？"
        },
        {
          "ja": "「どの人が先生ですか。」「あの人です。」",
          "zh": "“哪位是老师？”“那边那位。”"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#kono-sono-ano-dono",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "ed895b4b6299c37ad145fe6b9db0df3db3b82714dafce6f165a9bee811957343"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "koko-soko-asoko-doko",
    "pattern": "ここ / そこ / あそこ / どこ",
    "romaji": "koko / soko / asoko / doko",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "here; there (near you); over there; where",
    "formation": "ここ / そこ / あそこ / どこ",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "ここは私の学校です。",
        "furigana": "ここは{私|わたし}の{学校|がっこう}です。",
        "en": "This is my school."
      },
      {
        "ja": "トイレはあそこです。",
        "en": "The restroom is over there."
      },
      {
        "ja": "すみません、駅はどこですか。",
        "furigana": "すみません、{駅|えき}はどこですか。",
        "en": "Excuse me, where is the station?"
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "demonstrative"
    ],
    "notes": "こちら / そちら / あちら / どちら are politer versions: お国はどちらですか (Where are you from?).",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "50c4f78525c1d2b9cb58ce070f1340f0b1a03f11986ccbd5c6ec89fb4031f1ac",
      "meanings": [
        "这里",
        "那里",
        "哪里"
      ],
      "formation": "ここ／そこ／あそこ／どこ",
      "explanation": "指示或询问地点，区别与说话人、听话人的距离。",
      "notes": "こちら等可作为更礼貌的表达。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "ここは私の学校です。",
          "zh": "这里是我的学校。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "トイレはあそこです。",
          "zh": "洗手间在那边。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "すみません、駅はどこですか。",
          "zh": "不好意思，车站在哪里？"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#koko-soko-asoko-doko",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "d0a9a7101c77b6e3f09ea1574d1396dd5f558f01a595230ca85e3fed6b430533"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "ku-nai-katta-ku-nakatta",
    "pattern": "〜くない / 〜かった / 〜くなかった",
    "romaji": "ku nai / katta / ku nakatta",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "negative and past forms of i-adjectives (is not; was; was not)",
    "formation": "i-Adj stem + くない / i-Adj stem + かった / i-Adj stem + くなかった",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "この部屋はあまり広くないです。",
        "furigana": "この{部屋|へや}はあまり{広|ひろ}くないです。",
        "en": "This room isn't very big."
      },
      {
        "ja": "きのうのテストは難しかったです。",
        "furigana": "きのうのテストは{難|むずか}しかったです。",
        "en": "Yesterday's test was difficult."
      },
      {
        "ja": "先週見た映画はおもしろくなかったです。",
        "furigana": "{先週|せんしゅう}{見|み}た{映画|えいが}はおもしろくなかったです。",
        "en": "The movie I saw last week wasn't interesting."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "conjugation",
      "negation",
      "tense"
    ],
    "notes": "高い→高くない, 高かった, 高くなかった. Add です to be polite. いい is irregular: よくない, よかった, よくなかった.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "61f990fde83e44cdf3ac9683feda004d156104d2c60ee2b3f2db4727ed3558a3",
      "meanings": [
        "い形容词的否定、过去和过去否定"
      ],
      "formation": "い形容词去い＋くない／かった／くなかった",
      "explanation": "表示い形容词的否定、过去或过去否定。",
      "notes": "いい特殊，变为よくない、よかった、よくなかった。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "この部屋はあまり広くないです。",
          "zh": "这个房间不太大。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "きのうのテストは難しかったです。",
          "zh": "昨天的考试很难。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "先週見た映画はおもしろくなかったです。",
          "zh": "上周看的电影没意思。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#ku-nai-katta-ku-nakatta",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "8195bd99c54fd2f975e148fa61f61eabe6d80645bc2c8d78c6edb39f2c37d70f"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "na-na-adjective",
    "pattern": "〜な（na-adjective）",
    "romaji": "na (na-adjective)",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "na-adjectives: take な before a noun and です or だ at the end of a sentence",
    "formation": "na-Adj + な + Noun / na-Adj + です / na-Adj + ではありません / na-Adj + でした",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "京都は有名な町です。",
        "furigana": "{京都|きょうと}は{有名|ゆうめい}な{町|まち}です。",
        "en": "Kyoto is a famous city."
      },
      {
        "ja": "きのうは暇でした。",
        "furigana": "きのうは{暇|ひま}でした。",
        "en": "I was free yesterday."
      },
      {
        "ja": "この部屋はあまり静かではありません。",
        "furigana": "この{部屋|へや}はあまり{静|しず}かではありません。",
        "en": "This room isn't very quiet."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "conjugation"
    ],
    "notes": "Before a noun, add な: 静かな部屋. At the end of a sentence they change like nouns. きれい and きらい end in い but are な-adjectives.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "4218dbc1c4b22433b7f1ebe51db18722fc0f24ed28d5b70f947db1df8480fd53",
      "meanings": [
        "な形容词的修饰和句末形式"
      ],
      "formation": "な形容词＋な＋名词／です／ではありません／でした",
      "explanation": "な形容词修饰名词时接な，作句末谓语时可接です等。",
      "notes": "きれい和きらい虽然以い结尾，仍属于な形容词。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "京都は有名な町です。",
          "zh": "京都是一座有名的城市。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "きのうは暇でした。",
          "zh": "我昨天有空。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "この部屋はあまり静かではありません。",
          "zh": "这个房间不太安静。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#na-na-adjective",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "3c0baac50cb7479e15dfb74dfe3d523cfa2b74cfdc92f2f1c8d2a5aa6421cd5a"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "kute-de",
    "pattern": "〜くて / 〜で",
    "romaji": "kute / de",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "and (linking adjectives or nouns)",
    "formation": "i-Adj-ku + て / na-Adj + で / Noun + で",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "この店は安くておいしいです。",
        "furigana": "この{店|みせ}は{安|やす}くておいしいです。",
        "en": "This restaurant is cheap and good."
      },
      {
        "ja": "私の町は静かできれいです。",
        "furigana": "{私|わたし}の{町|まち}は{静|しず}かできれいです。",
        "en": "My town is quiet and clean."
      },
      {
        "ja": "兄は大学生で、妹は高校生です。",
        "furigana": "{兄|あに}は{大学生|だいがくせい}で、{妹|いもうと}は{高校生|こうこうせい}です。",
        "en": "My older brother is a university student, and my younger sister is a high school student."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "addition",
      "conjugation"
    ],
    "notes": "いい becomes よくて. Join qualities that point the same way (both good or both bad); for a contrast, use が instead.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "99d0d1a9c6a8d1d9580ee18a74c6f23c02228001329e81aea0e276672465a41e",
      "meanings": [
        "……而且……",
        "连接描述"
      ],
      "formation": "い形容词词干＋くて／な形容词或名词＋で",
      "explanation": "连接多个性质、状态或名词性判断。",
      "notes": "いい变为よくて；明显转折可用が。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "この店は安くておいしいです。",
          "zh": "这家店便宜又好吃。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "私の町は静かできれいです。",
          "zh": "我的小镇安静又整洁。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "兄は大学生で、妹は高校生です。",
          "zh": "哥哥是大学生，妹妹是高中生。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#kute-de",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "c2bad60ef0f02d8418e117e7882da9bf5240707265aae34b5e32cab3b117f93d"
    }
  },
  {
    "id": "to-iu-named",
    "pattern": "〜という（named）",
    "romaji": "to iu (named)",
    "level": "N5",
    "meaning": "called; named",
    "formation": "Noun + という + Noun",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "これは「すきやき」という料理です。",
        "furigana": "これは「すきやき」という{料理|りょうり}です。",
        "en": "This is a dish called sukiyaki."
      },
      {
        "ja": "「さくら」という店でアルバイトをしています。",
        "furigana": "「さくら」という{店|みせ}でアルバイトをしています。",
        "en": "I work part-time at a shop called Sakura."
      },
      {
        "ja": "山田さんという人から電話がありました。",
        "furigana": "{山田|やまだ}さんという{人|ひと}から{電話|でんわ}がありました。",
        "en": "There was a call from someone named Yamada."
      }
    ],
    "tags": [
      "quotation"
    ],
    "notes": "Introduces a name the listener may not know.",
    "zh": {
      "status": "reviewed",
      "source_hash": "310761c683ff4495d781d41adfa6ed3210afd9ad2d3a8fb5985c3007cbe8f745",
      "meanings": [
        "叫作",
        "名为"
      ],
      "formation": "名词＋という＋名词",
      "explanation": "介绍人或事物的名称。",
      "notes": "常用于向听话人介绍可能不知道的名字。",
      "examples": [
        {
          "ja": "これは「すきやき」という料理です。",
          "zh": "这是一道叫寿喜烧的菜。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "「さくら」という店でアルバイトをしています。",
          "zh": "我在一家叫“樱”的店打工。"
        },
        {
          "ja": "山田さんという人から電話がありました。",
          "zh": "一位叫山田的人打来电话。"
        }
      ],
      "references": [
        "sources/grammar/n5.json#to-iu-named",
        "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
      ],
      "reviewer": "Codex",
      "review_method": "ai",
      "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
      "review_hash": "55d155f1f5d2dc82181218230657cc71f2d389a6269f82a0b836add37baf0223"
    }
  }
]