〜のに（although）

import { getGrammarById } from 'kotowa';
getGrammarById('noni-although');

{
  "id": "noni-although",
  "pattern": "〜のに（although）",
  "romaji": "noni (although)",
  "level": "N4",
  "meaning": "although; even though (with surprise or dissatisfaction)",
  "formation": "Verb-plain / i-Adj + のに / na-Adj + な + のに / Noun + な + のに",
  "examples": [
    {
      "ja": "一生懸命勉強したのに、試験に落ちてしまった。",
      "furigana": "{一生懸命|いっしょうけんめい}{勉強|べんきょう}したのに、{試験|しけん}に{落|お}ちてしまった。",
      "en": "Even though I studied really hard, I failed the exam."
    },
    {
      "ja": "日曜日なのに、会社に行かなければならない。",
      "furigana": "{日曜日|にちようび}なのに、{会社|かいしゃ}に{行|い}かなければならない。",
      "en": "Even though it's Sunday, I have to go to work."
    },
    {
      "ja": "約束したのに、彼は来なかった。",
      "furigana": "{約束|やくそく}したのに、{彼|かれ}は{来|こ}なかった。",
      "en": "He didn't come, even though he promised."
    }
  ],
  "tags": [
    "concession",
    "criticism"
  ],
  "notes": "Carries surprise, disappointment or complaint. The main clause cannot be a request or intention; use けど or ても there.",
  "zh": {
    "status": "reviewed",
    "source_hash": "20bd278f6e3a0a1c51bb9a82f1c03f89285ba7bd93df926232654fabfe749c56",
    "meanings": [
      "虽然",
      "尽管"
    ],
    "formation": "动词简体／い形容词＋のに；名词或な形容词＋なのに",
    "explanation": "表示与预期相反的结果，常带惊讶、不满或遗憾。",
    "notes": "后项通常不接请求或意志表达。",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "一生懸命勉強したのに、試験に落ちてしまった。",
        "zh": "尽管努力学习了，我还是考试没通过。"
      },
      {
        "ja": "日曜日なのに、会社に行かなければならない。",
        "zh": "虽然是星期天，我却必须去公司。"
      },
      {
        "ja": "約束したのに、彼は来なかった。",
        "zh": "他明明约好了，却没有来。"
      }
    ],
    "references": [
      "sources/grammar/n4.json#noni-although",
      "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
    ],
    "reviewer": "Codex",
    "review_method": "ai",
    "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
    "review_hash": "ee5acbb806f4925eed0e02d4b0651ac5e286cd1250385526c97e83cc06918367"
  }
}