〜ことなく

import { getGrammarById } from 'kotowa';
getGrammarById('koto-naku');

{
  "id": "koto-naku",
  "pattern": "〜ことなく",
  "romaji": "koto naku",
  "level": "N2",
  "meaning": "without (doing); without ever",
  "formation": "Verb-dict + ことなく",
  "examples": [
    {
      "ja": "彼は三十年間、一日も休むことなく店を開け続けた。",
      "furigana": "{彼|かれ}は{三|さん}{十|じゅう}{年間|ねんかん}、{一|いち}{日|にち}も{休|やす}むことなく{店|みせ}を{開|あ}け{続|つづ}けた。",
      "en": "For thirty years, he kept his shop open without taking a single day off."
    },
    {
      "ja": "失敗を恐れることなく、新しいことに挑戦してほしい。",
      "furigana": "{失敗|しっぱい}を{恐|おそ}れることなく、{新|あたら}しいことに{挑戦|ちょうせん}してほしい。",
      "en": "I want you to take on new challenges without fearing failure."
    }
  ],
  "tags": [
    "negation",
    "manner",
    "written"
  ],
  "notes": "A written equivalent of 〜ないで / 〜ずに, often implying that something one might expect to happen did not.",
  "zh": {
    "status": "reviewed",
    "source_hash": "5e59cca0e12a331497ebd6ba4312cce2f794f3bbce392ddef416425af19448a3",
    "meanings": [
      "不……",
      "没有……"
    ],
    "formation": "动词辞书形＋ことなく",
    "explanation": "表示不做某事而持续另一动作。",
    "notes": "较ないで、ずに书面。",
    "examples": [
      {
        "ja": "彼は三十年間、一日も休むことなく店を開け続けた。",
        "zh": "他三十年来一天也没休息地持续开店。"
      },
      {
        "ja": "失敗を恐れることなく、新しいことに挑戦してほしい。",
        "zh": "希望你不怕失败，勇于尝试新事物。"
      }
    ],
    "references": [
      "sources/grammar/n2.json#koto-naku",
      "Original Chinese authored and reviewed by Codex; no independent human review"
    ],
    "reviewer": "Codex",
    "review_method": "ai",
    "reviewed_at": "2026-10-28",
    "review_hash": "e355dc60d069891445404296bb3462e2219b7e3f9c92664c08e76c85959d5406"
  }
}